2018年10月自考英語(yǔ)(一)第五章應(yīng)試復(fù)習(xí)資料

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2018年10月自考英語(yǔ)(一)第五章應(yīng)試復(fù)習(xí)資料

本課主要單詞

1. rare adj. 稀有的，難得的

a rare word〔冷僻的詞〕　 　rare metals〔稀有金屬〕

a rare disease(罕見的疾病)

2. substance n. 物質(zhì);實(shí)質(zhì);大意;根據(jù)

Ice， snow and water are the same substance in different forms.〔冰、雪、水是同一物質(zhì)的三種不同形式?！?/p>

What was the point of going to a lecture with little substance?

〔去聽一個(gè)沒有什么內(nèi)容的講座有什么意義呢?〕

What he is saying in substance is that we should take effective measures to prevent pollution.

〔他大體上說(shuō)的是我們應(yīng)該采取有效措施防止污染?！?/p>

There was no substance in his complaints.〔他的抱怨沒有道理?！?/p>

3. slight adj. 輕微的;纖細(xì)的

Mother said she had a slight headache.〔媽媽說(shuō)她有點(diǎn)頭疼?！?/p>

I didn't have the slightest idea about what had happened.〔我一點(diǎn)都不知道發(fā)生了什么事。〕

4. extreme adj. 極端的，極度的;盡頭的　　　　n. 極端

Extreme action will be taken if necessary.〔如有必要，我們將采取最嚴(yán)厲的行動(dòng)?！?/p>

His hospitality was carried to an extreme.〔他好客得過(guò)分了?！?/p>

She found the book uninteresting to the extreme.〔她覺得那本書沒意思透了?！?/p>

extreme joy/pain 〔極度的歡樂/痛苦〕 an extreme of sadness〔極度傷心〕

go from one extreme to the other〔從一個(gè)極端走到另一個(gè)極端〕

go to the other extreme 〔走到另一個(gè)極端〕

in the extreme〔極度，非?！?/p>

extremes of poverty and wealth〔貧富的兩極〕

5. pressure n. 壓力，壓強(qiáng)

Heavy study load and great expectation from parents may give children too much pressure.

〔沉重的學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)以及家長(zhǎng)的過(guò)高期望可能會(huì)給孩子太大的壓力。〕

He was under constant pressure from his superiors.〔他的上司不斷地給他壓力。〕

6. liquid adj. 液體的，液態(tài)的;清澈的，明亮的　　　　n. 液體

7. crack n. 裂縫　　　　v. 破裂;打開

His face cracked with a broad smile. 〔他咧開嘴笑了。〕

The phone cracked the room's quiet.〔電話鈴聲打破了房間的寂靜。〕

They were unable to crack a highly competitive sales market.〔他們無(wú)法打進(jìn)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈的銷售市場(chǎng)?！?/p>

8. crust n. 地殼;面包皮，外皮

It is very dangerous to walk on the thin crust of ice.〔在這樣一層薄冰上行走是很危險(xiǎn)的?！?/p>

9. crystal n. 水晶;晶粒　　　　adj. 清澈透明

I've made my point crystal clear that I would never agree to such a proposal.

〔我已經(jīng)表明了我的觀點(diǎn)，絕不同意這個(gè)提議?！?/p>

10. popular adj. 流行的，大眾的;普及的;受歡迎的

Popular music is well liked by young people.〔流行音樂深受年輕人的喜愛。〕

Swimming is a sport popular with people of all ages.〔游泳是老老少少都喜歡的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)?！?/p>

He has always been popular with / among boys in his community.

〔他一直廣受他那個(gè)社區(qū)的男孩子們的喜歡?！?/p>

This restaurant offers meals at popular prices.〔這家飯店供應(yīng)價(jià)格大眾化的飯菜。〕

11. handful n. 一把，一小撮

He told the doctor that his hair fell out in handfuls.(他對(duì)醫(yī)生說(shuō)他的頭發(fā)一把一把地脫落。)

He gave me nothing except for a handful of books.〔除了少量的幾本書他什么也沒給我?！?/p>

注意：一般來(lái)說(shuō)，-ful是一個(gè)形容詞后綴，加在名詞后面可以構(gòu)成形容詞，比如：careful，helpful，useful，hopeful等等。而在handful這個(gè)單詞中，-ful是一個(gè)名詞后綴，加在某些名詞的后面，表示“充滿…所需的量”，比如：roomful，basketful，mouthful，spoonful等等。

12. formation n. 巖層;形成，構(gòu)成

Most diamonds are mined from rock formations inside the earth.

〔大多數(shù)鉆石都是從地下的巖層里開采出來(lái)的?！?/p>

The formation of good habits is very important for a child.〔好習(xí)慣的養(yǎng)成對(duì)孩子來(lái)說(shuō)很重要?！?/p>

13. pipe n. 管子，導(dǎo)管;煙斗　　　v.用管道輸送

14. somewhat adv. 稍微，有點(diǎn)

It is somewhat difficult for him to answer the question.(要他回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題有點(diǎn)難。)

15. blast n. 疾風(fēng)，強(qiáng)風(fēng);爆炸　　　v.炸，炸掉

A blast of cold air sent a shiver all over his body.〔一股冷氣使他渾身戰(zhàn)栗?！?/p>

They decided to blast through the mountains. 〔他們打算炸山開路?！?/p>

16.crush v. 壓碎;鎮(zhèn)壓，壓倒

The machine can crush rocks into powder.〔那臺(tái)機(jī)器能把石頭碾成粉末?！?/p>

Can you imagine that debts are crushing them?〔你能想像到債務(wù)正壓得他們喘不過(guò)氣來(lái)嗎?〕

17. destroy v. 破壞，毀滅;消滅

18. impressive adj.給人深刻印象的，感人的

impression n. 印象

impress v. 給…極深的印象

I had the impression that he was a teacher.〔我記得他好像是個(gè)老師?！?/p>

What impressed me most were the great changes in this city.〔給我印象最深的是這座城市的巨大變化。〕

19. experience n 經(jīng)驗(yàn);經(jīng)歷　　　　v. 經(jīng)歷，遭受

experienced adj. 有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的

20. immediately adv. 即刻地;緊密地

immediate adj. 立刻的;最接近的

He said he had to go to the hospital immediately.〔他說(shuō)他得立即去醫(yī)院?！?/p>

The post office is immediately next to the bank.〔郵局緊挨著銀行。〕

You have to give them an immediate reply.〔你得立刻答復(fù)他們。〕

It is necessary that you get the support from your immediate superior.〔你必須得到頂頭上司的支持。〕

本課主要構(gòu)詞法

affixation(詞綴法)

1.形容詞后綴 -ful　　　　beautiful，useful，

2.形容詞后綴 -ive　　　　impressive

3.形容詞后綴 -y　　　 　greasy

4.名詞后綴 -ation　　　　combination，formation

5.名詞后綴 -ure　　 　　pressure

6.名詞后綴 -y　　　 　discovery

7.名詞后綴 -er　　　 　traveler，miner

8.名詞后綴 -ful　　　 　handful

9.副詞后綴 -ly　　　 　finally，probably，immediately，carefully，

10.副詞后綴 -ward　　 　upward

課文簡(jiǎn)介

本課主要介紹了鉆石的特性、形成、分布以及開采方式。讀了本課，你會(huì)了解鉆石的形成與數(shù)百萬(wàn)年前的地殼運(yùn)動(dòng)有關(guān);你也會(huì)了解深受上至達(dá)官貴人下至普通百姓喜愛的“恒久遠(yuǎn)”的鉆石在剛開采出來(lái)時(shí)并不光彩照人。

本課語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)

1. They are the hardest substance found in nature.

本句中found in nature是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾substance.定語(yǔ)從句中省略了that are.這種省略現(xiàn)象在定語(yǔ)從句中很常見，在前幾個(gè)單元中，我們遇到過(guò)多次。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

1) There are many books (that) I'd like to read. (有很多書我想看。)

2) He is a man (that) we all like and trust. (他是一個(gè)我們大家喜歡和信賴的人。)

3) This is the most interesting film (that) I have ever seen. (這是我看過(guò)的最有意思的電影)

先行詞的前面有形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句必須用that引導(dǎo)，而不用which.

本句中的hardest意思為“堅(jiān)硬的”“堅(jiān)固的”，而不是“困難的”。

mean是一個(gè)很常見的詞，本句中的意思是“意味著”。mean還有“意欲，企圖，打算”的意思。請(qǐng)看下面的句子，注意mean在各句中的意思和用法：

1) What do you mean by saying this to me? (你對(duì)我說(shuō)這個(gè)是什么意思?)

2) Friendship means everything to him. (友誼對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)意味著一切。)

3) The teacher's praise meant so much to the children. (老師的表?yè)P(yáng)對(duì)孩子們來(lái)說(shuō)很重要。)

4) I'm serious about this. I mean what I say. (我對(duì)此事是認(rèn)真的，我說(shuō)話算數(shù)。)

5) I'm sorry， I didn't mean to hurt you. (對(duì)不起，我無(wú)意傷害你。)

6) They meant to finish the work ahead of time. (他們的打算是提前完成這項(xiàng)工作。)

7) I meant to call you but I forgot. (我原打算給你打電話的，但我忘記了。)

cut在前一個(gè)句子中做動(dòng)詞用，意思是“切割”，在后一個(gè)句子中做名詞用，意思是“切面”。

3. Diamonds are made from carbon.

由……制成，可以用be made from和be made of兩個(gè)詞組來(lái)表達(dá)。但是be made from通常指制成品已看不出原材料是什么，而be made of可以看出該物品由什么材料制成的。

4. Scientists know that the combination of extreme heat and pressure changes carbon into diamonds.

extreme在句中做形容詞用，意思是“極度的”，如：

1) Extreme cold can wake a hibernating animal. (極度的寒冷能使正在冬眠的動(dòng)物蘇醒。)

2) They will have to endure extreme discomfort in winter. (冬天時(shí)，他們將不得不忍受極度的不適。)

change…into意思是“把…轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)?hellip;”，如：

1) Water changes into vapour when heated. (水加熱后轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檎魵狻?

2) Go to the bank and you can easily change these dollars into RMB. (你去銀行就能很容易地把這些美元換成人民幣。)

5. Such heat and pressure exist only in the hot， liquid mass of molten rock deep inside the earth.

請(qǐng)注意such與so之間的不同用法。such后面接名詞，而so后面接形容詞或副詞。如：

1) I don't believe he could make such a mistake. (我相信他不會(huì)犯這樣的錯(cuò)誤的。)

2) How can you go out on such a rainy day? (在這樣的雨天里，你怎么能出門?)

3) He spoke so fast that I couldn't follow. (他說(shuō)話太快，我聽不懂。)

4) I'm so glad you could come. (你能來(lái)我真高興。)

mass在本句中的意思是“(聚成一體的)團(tuán)、塊”，比如：

1) a mass of hot air(一團(tuán)熱氣)

2) a mass of sand(一堆沙)

3) Rain occurs when a mass of warm air is laden with water. (一團(tuán)云聚集大量的水蒸氣就形成了雨。)

Mass也可以做形容詞用，意思是“群眾的”、“大量的”，如：

1) a mass meeting (群眾大會(huì))

2) mass education (大眾教育)

3) mass media (大眾傳媒)

4) Mass production could very well cut the cost. (大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)可以降低成本。)

6. It is thought that millions of years ago this liquid mass pushed upward through cracks in the earth's crust.

It is thought that…是一個(gè)很常用的句型，類似的句型在英語(yǔ)中很多，比如：

1) It is / was， has been…， reported that…

2) It is / was， has been…， stated that…

3) It is / was， has been…， pointed out that…

4) It is / was， has been…， mentioned that…

5) It is / was， has been…， believed that…

7. A. There are only four areas where very many diamonds have been formed.

B. The first known area was in India， where diamonds were found thousands of years ago.

定語(yǔ)從句可分為限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。A句是限定性定語(yǔ)從句，B句是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。A、B兩句中都是用關(guān)系副詞where來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾表示地點(diǎn)的名詞。請(qǐng)看下面的句子，注意限定性定語(yǔ)從句一般不用逗號(hào)隔開：

1) Is there a shop around where we can get some fruit? (附近有什么商店可以買到水果嗎?)

2) This is the place where we met yesterday. (這是我們昨天碰頭的地方。)

3) The small town， where he once worked， has turned to be a modern city. (他曾經(jīng)工作過(guò)的那座小城，已經(jīng)變成現(xiàn)代化的城市了。)

8. In the 1600's…(十七世紀(jì))

In the 1720's…(十八世紀(jì)二十年代)

In the 1800's…(十九世紀(jì))

請(qǐng)注意年代的表達(dá)方法，以上的年代也可以表達(dá)為in the 1600s; in the 1720s; in the 1800s.如果我們要表達(dá)“在十七世紀(jì)初(中、末)期”，則可以說(shuō)in the early(mid， late) 1600's/1600s.

9. Diamonds became very popular with the kings and queens of Europe.

become / be popular with / among是一個(gè)常用詞組，意思是“受…歡迎”，

10. India's supply of diamonds was finally running out after 2，500 yeas of mining the stones.

Supply在句子中做名詞用，意思是“供應(yīng)”。Supply常?？梢宰鰟?dòng)詞用，意思是“供給，提供”。

run out是一個(gè)常用詞組，意思是“用完，用盡”。請(qǐng)看例句：

1) Time is running out. We have to hurry. (時(shí)間快到了，我們得快點(diǎn)。)

2) My patience is running out. (我快要耐不住了。)

3) His luck seemed to have run out. (他的好運(yùn)似乎結(jié)束了。)

我們也可以用run out來(lái)表達(dá)類似的意思，但run out of的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是“某人”。如：

1) They have run out of money， so they have to find a job. (他們錢用完了，所以得找一份工作。)

2) I have run out of ink. (我的墨水用完了。)

11. People would pick up handfuls of gravel from the bottom of the streams and sort out the diamonds.

-ful通常加在名詞后面，構(gòu)成形容詞，如care-careful，help-helpful.而本句中的handful是一個(gè)名詞，意思是“一把”，在單詞部分，我們已經(jīng)提到過(guò)，英語(yǔ)中有不少這樣的詞，如：

1) He gave me a basketful of beaches. (他給了我滿滿一籃子桃子。)

2) She put a spoonful of salt in the soup. (她往湯里撒了滿滿一勺鹽。)

3) Tom is carrying an armful of books. (湯姆抱著一捆書。)

sort out是一個(gè)常用詞組，意思是“整理，分類”

bottom在句子中做名詞用，意思是“底部”。bottom還有“盡頭、末端”的意思

12. These diamonds were probably carried from where they were formed to India by great sheets of moving ice that covered parts of the earth 20，000 years ago.

where they were formed是where引出的名詞性從句，作介詞from的賓語(yǔ)。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

He didn't say anything about where the accident took place. (他對(duì)事故在哪兒發(fā)生的只字未提。)

13. It flows over boards thickly coated with grease.

在本句中的定語(yǔ)從句thickly coated with greases前面省略了which/that are.coat一般做名詞用，意思是“外套”或“(動(dòng)物的)皮毛”。在本句中coat作動(dòng)詞用，意思是“在…上涂(包)著”，

14. Since diamonds stick to grease， they are left behind by the rocks and mud which flow down the tables.

Stick在本句中的意思是“粘住”。Stick to也可以表示“堅(jiān)持，遵守”的意思。

leave behind在本句中的意思是“留下”，這個(gè)詞組還可以表示“忘帶;把…丟在后面”。例如：

1) Take care not to leave anything behind. (小心別丟下任何東西。)

2) Look forward to the bright future and leave all your worries and fears behind. (期盼光明的未來(lái)，把所有的擔(dān)心和恐懼拋在身后。)

15. Experienced diamond miners can tell a diamond immediately.

句子中的tell意思為“判斷;分辨;看出”。如：

I cannot tell her from her twin sister. (我無(wú)法分辨出她和她的孿生妹妹。)

Text B The Difference between Plants and Animals

短語(yǔ)表達(dá)

1. difference between…and

Will you please tell me the difference between a horse and a seahorse?

2.neither …nor

I have neither seen him nor heard from him since we last met.

3. look up

The little boy didn't dare to look up at his teacher.

4. a matter of

Don't panic. This is a matter of record and there is nothing to worry about.

5. throughout

He said that a person should be honest and upright throughout his life.

6. be satisfied with

The teacher was satisfied with the students' performance.

7. take place

The accident took place when people were all fast asleep.

8. lie in

The importance of this book lies in its later influence.

9. be classed as

He was classed as a genius.

10. hold good

This rule may hold good for you but not for me.

11. live on

Cows live on grass.

The old man lives on the government pension.

12. work wonders

I don't think this medicine will work wonders.

13. take in

Their club took in some new members last week.

14. suck up

The plants suck up a lot of water.

15. take up

He took up the newspaper and began to read.

She took up English when she was only five.

All the window seats had been taken up when I got on the bus.

本課需要重點(diǎn)掌握的語(yǔ)法：動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)

英語(yǔ)中時(shí)態(tài)從時(shí)間上劃分，可以分為：現(xiàn)在時(shí)、過(guò)去時(shí)、將來(lái)時(shí)和過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)，每一類從行為上又可分為四種形式：一般式、進(jìn)行式、完成式和完成進(jìn)行式。這樣，英語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞共有十六種時(shí)態(tài)。下面以work為例列出各個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)的形式：

一、表示一般動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)

1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示客觀的、普遍性的真理以及經(jīng)常性的、習(xí)慣性的事件。其形式為do或does。

如：The earth moves around the world.地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。(客觀性的真理)

Light travels faster than sound.光速比聲速快。(科學(xué)事實(shí))

I often go to the gym..我經(jīng)常去健身房。(經(jīng)常性的事件)

I go to see my grandma every week.我每周都去看我奶奶。(經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作)

當(dāng)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作的時(shí)候，常和一些表示頻率的時(shí)間副詞連用，如：always, frequently, usually, sometimes, often等.

如：He is always late.他總是遲到。

注：a)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)還可以用來(lái)表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。用在以here或there 開頭的句中，表示目前短暫的動(dòng)作。

如：Here comes your wife.=Your wife is coming.你妻子走過(guò)來(lái)了。

There goes the bus.= The bus is going.那輛車開走了。

b)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)用在條件狀語(yǔ)從句中和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。 主要用在條件狀語(yǔ)從句中(if, unless)和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句(when, as soon as, before, after等)中，表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。

如：I will be glad if you come over to visit me.如果你來(lái)看我，我會(huì)很高興的。

Please let me know when he comes back.他回來(lái)時(shí)，請(qǐng)告訴我一聲。

Do not leave until he comes back..等他回來(lái)你再走。

上述從句中的come動(dòng)作都是在將來(lái)發(fā)生的，但是要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。

2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)：did something

1)一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示在過(guò)去時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。常和過(guò)去特定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如：yesterday, last night, three moths ago等連用。

如： I bought the computer three days ago.我三天前賣了這臺(tái)電腦。

I was tired last night, so I went to bed early.我昨晚很累，所以很早就睡了。

2)一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一段時(shí)間一直持續(xù)或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

如：When he was in Beijing, he came to see me every week.他當(dāng)初在北京時(shí)，每周都來(lái)看我。

We often practiced swimming last year.去年我們經(jīng)常練習(xí)游泳。

注：a)一般過(guò)去式可以用來(lái)表示現(xiàn)在的情況，體現(xiàn)委婉客氣的語(yǔ)氣。

如：Did you want anything to drink?你想喝點(diǎn)什么嗎?

Could I have a look? 我能看一下嗎?

b)一般過(guò)去時(shí)用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣中，表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

如： It is high time we went.是我們?cè)撟叩臅r(shí)候了。

I wish I were a bird.我要是只鳥多好。

3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示在未來(lái)的某個(gè)時(shí)間將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其形式will do或be going to do。

如：We will have a picnic tomorrow.

We are going to have a picnic tomorrow. 我們明天要去郊游。

1)will 和be going to 的區(qū)別

a)一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示預(yù)測(cè)時(shí)，我們可以用will或be going to。但是有以下的區(qū)別：

be going to 表示根據(jù)明顯跡象來(lái)推斷某件事將要發(fā)生。will表明說(shuō)話人認(rèn)為或相信某件事要發(fā)生。

如：Look at those black clouds! It is going to rain.看天上那些烏云?？煲掠炅?。(根據(jù)烏云，推斷的下雨)。

The bridge will collapse.這座橋會(huì)坍塌的。(說(shuō)話人作為造橋老師知道這座橋設(shè)計(jì)有問(wèn)題，做出的預(yù)測(cè))

b) 一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示計(jì)劃時(shí)，用be going to;表示意愿，要用will

be going to 表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)未來(lái)行動(dòng)的計(jì)劃和打算，通常指經(jīng)過(guò)事先考慮并含有已經(jīng)為這一行動(dòng)作了某些準(zhǔn)備。

will表示意愿，表示說(shuō)話人在說(shuō)話的時(shí)刻立即做出的決定表明即將去做某事，并沒有事先考慮。

如：I have bought a computer and I am going to learn the computer science.我已經(jīng)買了一臺(tái)電腦，我計(jì)劃學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)。(已經(jīng)作了準(zhǔn)備――買了電腦)

A:The box is too heavy.

B:I will help you to carry it.這個(gè)箱子很重，我來(lái)幫你拿。(立即做出的決定，沒有事先考慮)

如果沒有明顯的計(jì)劃或意愿的證據(jù)，則用will和be going to都可以，但是意義上有所不同。

如：Husband: There is no milk left in the fridge.

Wife: I will buy some after work.(說(shuō)話此刻做出的決定)

Wife: I am going to buy some after work. (妻子在丈夫發(fā)現(xiàn)之前就知道沒有牛奶了，已經(jīng)決定要去買一些)

2)表示一般將來(lái)時(shí)的其他結(jié)構(gòu)：

a)be to +動(dòng)詞原形。這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)表示約定、命令或按計(jì)劃要做的事情。

如：When are they to come? 他們什么時(shí)候回來(lái)。

We are to meet at the school gate.我們約好在校門口見。

You are to finish the work by noon.你必須在中午以前完成工作。

b)be about to+動(dòng)詞原形。這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)表示“即將做”或“馬上做”的意思。

如：He is about to leave.他馬上要?jiǎng)由怼?/p>

The vacation is about to start.假期即將開始。

二、表示進(jìn)行動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)

1.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或者現(xiàn)階段正在持續(xù)的動(dòng)作。其形式為am/is/are doing.常與進(jìn)行時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：now, at this moment, at present等。

如：What are you reading now? 你在看什么?

I am reading today's Evening News. 我在看今天的晚報(bào)。(表示正在進(jìn)行)

These days I am translating a book. 這幾天我在翻譯一本書。(表示持續(xù)性的動(dòng)作)

注：a)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示計(jì)劃安排好要做的事情。這一用法只適用于某些動(dòng)詞，如：go, come, leave, start, arrive, return 等。

如：Are you going abroad next year? 明年你要出國(guó)嗎?

I am leaving by train tonight.我今晚坐火車走。

b)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與always, forever, constantly等連用，往往表示抱怨、厭煩、不合理或使人不愉快的事情。

如：Jack is always borrowing money and forgetting to pay you back.杰克常常借錢忘還。

My father is forever criticizing me.我父親總是批評(píng)我。

c) 在不少情況下，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的漢語(yǔ)句子中沒有“正在”的字樣，但在譯為英語(yǔ)的時(shí)候必須用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。如：

How is everything going.事情進(jìn)展的怎么樣了?

How are you getting on with your classmates.你和同學(xué)相處的如何?

d) 不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞有：

表示感覺或感情的詞：hear, see, smell, taste, feel

表示存在或所屬的詞：exist, stay, remain, have

表示認(rèn)識(shí)或理解的詞：understand, remember, forget, believe

2.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或者過(guò)去某段時(shí)間持續(xù)的動(dòng)作。其形式：was(were) doing.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)往往是表示過(guò)去某一點(diǎn)時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)或句子。

at nine yesterday, at that time, when I arrived等。

如：We were having dinner when they came.他們來(lái)的時(shí)候，我們正在吃飯。(表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作)

I was staying at home all last week.上周我一直都呆在家里。(過(guò)去某段時(shí)間持續(xù)的動(dòng)作)

注：a)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一種委婉的語(yǔ)氣和禮貌的態(tài)度。

如：I was wondering if you could help me.不知您能否幫幫我。

b)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)還常常和一般過(guò)去時(shí)配合使用。此時(shí)，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)通常表示一個(gè)歷時(shí)較長(zhǎng)的體現(xiàn)背景的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài);而一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示此背景下發(fā)生的短暫的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

如：I cut my finger when I was cooking the dinner last night.昨晚做飯時(shí)我割了手指。

I was watching TV when the phone rang.我當(dāng)時(shí)正在看電視，這時(shí)電話響了。

比較下面兩個(gè)句子：

I was telephoning Harry when she arrived.(在我打電話過(guò)程中，她到了。先telephone,后arrive)

I telephoned Harry when she arrived.(她回來(lái)之后我才打電話，先arrive, 后telephone.)

c)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。

如：He didn't know whether she was coming.他不知道她是否回來(lái)。

3.將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)表示從現(xiàn)在著眼，從將來(lái)某時(shí)開始并且持續(xù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。其形式shall/will be doing 如：

We will be having some new subjects for the next semester. 我們下學(xué)期會(huì)學(xué)一些課程。

What will you be doing this time tomorrow? 你明天這個(gè)時(shí)候?qū)⒏墒裁?

一、表示完成動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、將來(lái)完成時(shí)

1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)： have(has) done.

1)表示從現(xiàn)在之前(即過(guò)去)開始發(fā)生并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

這種現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的特點(diǎn)：1)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。

2)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但是這一動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，而且還可能繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。

3)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)通常是表示“一段時(shí)間”的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，以說(shuō)明某個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)了多久。

如：I have lived there for three years.我已經(jīng)住在那里三年了。

She has taught in the school since I came here.自從我來(lái)到這里她就在學(xué)校里教書。

與這種現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)搭配的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)如下：

a.) since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)

如：I have worked in this company since 1998.自從1998年我就在這家公司工作

b).for +時(shí)間段

如：I have worked in this company for three years.我在這家公司工作三年了。

c) “到目前為止”

until now, up until now, up to now, so far

如： We have up until now failed to take any action to decide on a common language that would further communication between nation.到目前為止，我們尚未采取任何行動(dòng)來(lái)決定一門國(guó)際通用語(yǔ)言，以促進(jìn)國(guó)際間交流。

d) “在最近幾世紀(jì)/年/月以來(lái)”

in the past few years, over the past few years, during the last three months, through centuries等。

如：Through history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die.自古以來(lái)，人類就必須接受這樣的事實(shí)：一切生命體都會(huì)消亡。

2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示不確定的過(guò)去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般為短暫性動(dòng)詞。

如： He has broken his leg.他的腿跌斷了。(言外之意就是他可能現(xiàn)在不能和別的同學(xué)一樣出去郊游)

注：a)這種現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的動(dòng)詞是短暫性動(dòng)詞，如：come, go , leave , kill, die, lose, buy, start等，因此與他們連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)不能是指“一段時(shí)間”的。

如：不可以說(shuō)：He has left his hometown for three years.

可以改為：He left his hometown three years ago.

It is three years since he left his hometown.

He has been away from his hometown for three years.

b)這種完成時(shí)可以不和任何時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，也可以和一些表示不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：already, yet, lately, just, never等。

如：Has it stopped raining yet?雨停了嗎?

He has already arrived.他已經(jīng)到了。

c)這種現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)經(jīng)常用來(lái)表示最近發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，提供最新消息，具有新聞性質(zhì)。

如：The president has been assassinated.總統(tǒng)被暗殺了。

3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示到目前為止的一個(gè)時(shí)間段內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

如：We have taken three tests so far this week.我們目前這周已經(jīng)考過(guò)三次試了。(重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作)

4)其他使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)

a) this/that/it is +序數(shù)詞+名詞+that +現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

如： It is the first time that I have come to Beijing.這是我第一次來(lái)北京。

b)this/that /it is +最高級(jí)或only修飾名詞+現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

如：This is the best wine I have ever drunk.這是我喝過(guò)的最好的葡萄酒。

This is the only book he has written. 這是他寫過(guò)的唯一的一本書。

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)總是與現(xiàn)在有著密切的聯(lián)系：或是表示到現(xiàn)在為止這一段時(shí)間的“一直在持續(xù)”或“重復(fù)發(fā)生”的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài);或是表示影響現(xiàn)狀的事件。

5)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的對(duì)比

a)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)都表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)，但是當(dāng)我們強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有重要影響時(shí)就要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

如：He has broken his leg.他的腿摔斷了。(表明現(xiàn)在不能和同學(xué)們一起郊游)

He broke his leg. 他的腿摔斷了。(指表明過(guò)去的一種經(jīng)歷，但現(xiàn)在腿好了)

b)用于延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別：

如：I have smoked for two years.(我有兩年的煙齡了)

I smoked for two years.(我抽過(guò)兩年的煙，但現(xiàn)在戒了)

He has been in the army for 6 years.(他入伍以來(lái)已經(jīng)6年了)

He was in the army for 6 years.(他當(dāng)過(guò)6年的兵，現(xiàn)在不是了)

2.過(guò)去完成時(shí)：had done

1)表示開始在過(guò)去之前(即過(guò)去的過(guò)去)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去這一時(shí)刻仍在繼續(xù)。

如：I had stayed in America for two years when he moved here.當(dāng)他到這里的時(shí)候我已經(jīng)在美國(guó)住了兩年了。(moved是過(guò)去的動(dòng)作，stayed 發(fā)生在moved之前，即過(guò)去的過(guò)去。在moved 之后還將會(huì)繼續(xù)stayed)

I had learned 1000 words by the end of last year.截止到去年年底我已經(jīng)學(xué)了1000個(gè)單詞了。(learned在過(guò)去時(shí)間the end of last year之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生，到去年年底之后還可能繼續(xù))

2)表示開始于過(guò)去之前的動(dòng)作到過(guò)去這一時(shí)刻之前即已停止。并沒有持續(xù)到這一過(guò)去時(shí)刻。這時(shí)的過(guò)去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作通常是短暫動(dòng)作。

如：She had made everything ready before I came.在我來(lái)之前她已經(jīng)做好了準(zhǔn)備。(made everything ready這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在came之前，并且已經(jīng)結(jié)束。)

3)表示過(guò)去之前開始的動(dòng)作，在過(guò)去之前的一段時(shí)間里重復(fù)發(fā)生。

如：I had written her 100 letters when she finally promised to marry me.在她最后答應(yīng)嫁給我之前我已經(jīng)給她寫了100信了。(promised發(fā)生在過(guò)去，而had written 則是過(guò)去時(shí)間里重復(fù)發(fā)生的事情)

4)過(guò)去完成時(shí)的其他用法：

intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, think, expect等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)可以表示過(guò)去未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的計(jì)劃、設(shè)想、意圖或希望等。

如：I had intended to see you, but I was busy.我本來(lái)打算去看你但是我很忙。

They had hoped to see you off at the airport, but they got there too late.他們本來(lái)希望到機(jī)場(chǎng)送你，但是他們?nèi)ネ砹恕?/p>

過(guò)去完成時(shí)用于對(duì)過(guò)去事實(shí)進(jìn)行虛擬的條件句中。

如：If you had been at the party, you would have met him.如果你去了晚會(huì)，你就會(huì)見到他的。

3.將來(lái)完成時(shí)態(tài)：shall/will have done

表示將來(lái)某時(shí)之前完成的動(dòng)作，這一動(dòng)作往往對(duì)將來(lái)某時(shí)產(chǎn)生影響。常與表將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或never, soon連用。

如：I shall have finished writing the article by the end of the week.

我將在本周周末前寫完這篇文章。

二、表示完成進(jìn)行的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)：現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)、將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

1.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：have/has been doing

1)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性，表示開始于過(guò)去的動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且活動(dòng)還沒有結(jié)束，還將繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。

如：It began raining at 8 o'clock. Now it is raining. It has been raining since 8 o'clock.

從8點(diǎn)開始一直在下雨。

2)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示開始于過(guò)去的動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在為止不再繼續(xù)或表示不久前剛剛結(jié)束的動(dòng)作。

如：I have been looking for you for the last half hour.過(guò)去的半小時(shí)我一直在找你。(不再持續(xù))

What have you been doing? 你剛才一直在做什么?(表示不久前剛結(jié)束)

3)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示說(shuō)話時(shí)刻以前的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

如：We have been writing to each other for years.我們相互通信多年了。(重復(fù)發(fā)生)

2.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的比較

1)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都可以表示延續(xù)性的，并且與“一段時(shí)間”連用。如：

I have been learning English for ten years.

I have learned English for ten years.

但是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)如果不和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，意義指的是一個(gè)完成了的動(dòng)作?，F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)既可以與一段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，也可不連用，同樣表達(dá)“一直持續(xù)的動(dòng)作”的含義。

如：I have worked in this company.我在這家公司做過(guò)。

I have been working in this company.我一直在這家公司工作。

2)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作過(guò)程，完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果

現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)所強(qiáng)調(diào)的是在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)某項(xiàng)活動(dòng)的持續(xù)性，因此強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動(dòng)作本身?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則是強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果，不是動(dòng)作本身。

如：I have been painting the house.我一直在給房子刷漆。

I have painted the house green.我把房子刷成了綠色。

3)短暫動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)不能與“一段時(shí)間”的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，但是短暫動(dòng)詞的完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可與“一段時(shí)間”的狀語(yǔ)連用。

如：I have been getting up early since I entered the college.自從上大學(xué)以來(lái)，我一直堅(jiān)持早起。

不能說(shuō)：I have got up early since I entered the college.

(get up是短暫性動(dòng)詞)

用動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空：

1.He _______ (be) eighteen next year.

填will be.本句描述的是隨時(shí)間發(fā)展會(huì)自然發(fā)生的事情。

2.Mozart ________(write) more than 600 pieces of music.

填wrote.談?wù)撘压嗜说氖论E應(yīng)用過(guò)去式。

3.If it _______ (rain) tomorrow, we will have to stay at home.

填rains.條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的事情。

4.I __________(go) to the shopping center.

填am going. 動(dòng)詞go , come, arrive 等可以用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)。

5.How fast ________he __________(drive) when the accident happened.

填was…driving.表時(shí)過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻發(fā)生的動(dòng)作要用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。

6.You _________ (always, watch) TV. You should do something more active.

填are always watching. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和always連用表示責(zé)怪。

7.It ________ (rain) every day so far this month.

填has rained.so far 常和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)搭配使用。表示到目前為止。

8.By the time Mr.Smith left school, he_______(teach) that course for 25 years.

填had taught.表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。

9.Perhaps he ________(finish) reading the book by this time tomorrow.

填will have finished. by this time tomorrow 表示將來(lái)的短語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞將來(lái)完成時(shí)。

10.This is the second time that I __________ (be) to Paris.

填have been. It is the second time句型中的時(shí)態(tài) 是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

11. My uncle_____(live) in Shanghai for the past two years.

填has lived.句中for+表示時(shí)間段的狀語(yǔ)，時(shí)態(tài)要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。