2018年成人學(xué)位英語(yǔ)考試閱讀理解題的微技能

　　詞匯的理解

　　對(duì)于閱讀中碰到的生僻詞，我們首先要學(xué)會(huì)識(shí)別哪些情況下即使不了解詞義也不影響對(duì)短文的理解;其次是轉(zhuǎn)變對(duì)生僻詞義認(rèn)識(shí)上的態(tài)度，即在許多情況下不必了解該詞的確切意義，尤其沒有必要了解它在英漢辭典中的中文釋義，而只需對(duì)該詞詞義的大概而籠統(tǒng)的理解就行。實(shí)踐中，在確定了短文中哪些生僻詞的詞義有必要作一大概了解后，我們可以從以下兩個(gè)角度來(lái)猜度詞義：

　　(1) 構(gòu)詞知識(shí)

　　即利用單詞的構(gòu)詞要素詞根，前后綴來(lái)識(shí)記單詞。

　　詞根是一個(gè)單詞的根本部分，代表詞的基本意義;前綴是加在詞根或單詞前面的部分，通常也有一定含義;后綴是加在詞根或單詞后面的部分，通常在增加詞義的同時(shí)還改變?cè)~性。通過詞根詞綴構(gòu)詞的方式有多種，現(xiàn)簡(jiǎn)單歸納如下：

　　①前綴 詞根：inter?(中間) vene→intervene(介入)：

　?、谠~根 后綴：circl(圓) ?let(小)→circlet(小環(huán))

　　③詞根 詞根：tele?(遠(yuǎn)) scope(鏡)→telescope(望遠(yuǎn)鏡)

　?、芮熬Y 詞根 后綴：in?(不) aud(聽) ?ible(可)→inaudible(聽不見)

　?、蓦p前綴 詞根：re?(再) dis?(取下) cover(蓋)→rediscover(再發(fā)現(xiàn))

　　⑥詞根 雙后綴：care(用心) ?less(不) ?ly(地)→carelessly(不小心地)

　?、咔熬Y 雙詞根：tri?(三) gono(角) metry(測(cè)量)→trigonometry(三角幾何)

　?、嚯p詞根 后綴：biblio(書) phil(愛) ?ist(人)→bibliophilist(書籍愛好者)

　?、犭p前綴 詞根 后綴：ir?(不) re?(反對(duì)) sist(站) ?ible→irresistible(不可抵抗的)

　　前綴 詞根 雙后綴：se?(離) greg(群) ?ation ?ist→segregationist(種族隔離主義者)

　　雙前綴 詞根 雙后綴：un?(不) pre?(先) ced(走) ?ent ?ed→unprecedented(史無(wú)前例的)

　　(2) 上下文線索

　　利用上下文線索猜測(cè)詞義的方法很多，但其核心是尋找與該生僻詞相關(guān)的上下文意義線索，這些線索主要可歸納為以下幾種：

　?、偻x定義為了便于讀者理解作者本義，作者有時(shí)會(huì)對(duì)文中的生僻詞或?qū)I(yè)性較強(qiáng)的詞直接給出定義。在下定義時(shí)，作者常使用一些信號(hào)詞，如：is/are(called)，means，can be defined as，refer to，is/are known as，signify等，例：

　　Food fallacies refer to beliefs about food that are not true.：

　　或標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，如——，()等，例：

　　Multiplexing ——transmitting independent signals at the same time in the same channel——increases the efficiency of radio channels.

　　有時(shí)，作者用同位語(yǔ)形式或連詞or給出定義，例：

　　Nerve cells evidently first appeared in coelenterates, “hollow?gutted” organisms like hydra and the sea anemone.

　　Intelligent behavior remained impossible until the appearance of relatively big，complex types of brain——the types we find among the vertebrates，or backboned animals.

　?、诮x復(fù)述同一短文中上下毗鄰的句子通常有互釋作用，我們可以從上下文的復(fù)述中獲取與某一單詞相關(guān)的信息來(lái)猜度詞義。例：

　　Mr. and Mrs. Firth had a long courtship. They dated for nine years before they got married.

　　Although he often had the opportunity，Mr. Tritt never stole money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank，and he did not want to jeopardize his future.

　?、鄯戳x對(duì)照在表示對(duì)照的上下文中，常包含有意義相反的詞語(yǔ)或概念，這些意義相反的概念可以互為線索，幫助我們猜度詞義。常有以下一些信號(hào)詞：although，but，however，though，whereas，while，yet，on the contrary，on the other hand等。

　　例：Chimpanzees(猩猩) in the wild

　　use simple objects as tools，but in laboratory situations they can use more sophisticated items.

　　Most dentists-offices are drab places，while Emilio's new office is a bright，cheerful place.

　　④搭配集合利用詞與詞的搭配或該詞所出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)境，我們也能推知詞義的大概輪廓。例：

　　People gathered to look. Three fine streams of hot water sprouted from holes in the jacket(套，殼) of the radiator.

　　A man is watering his lawn just as an attractive，well dressed girl walked by. As he ogles her，he accidentally turns the hose on his ugly，dowdy wife.

　?、荼容^舉例上下文中的比較和舉例，能揭示比較物或列舉物之間的共性，我們可根據(jù)這些共性來(lái)推知有關(guān)詞語(yǔ)的意思。例：

　　The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area.

　　Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.

　?、抟蚬麜r(shí)間因與果、時(shí)間的先與后都是事物發(fā)展變化過程中的必然關(guān)系，在利用上下文推測(cè)詞義時(shí)，這些關(guān)系也至關(guān)重要。例：

　　Robert is considered peremptory administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.

　　When Mark was in pedantic mood，he assumed the manner of a famous professor and gave long lectures on boring, insignificant topics
 

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