2018年成人英語(yǔ)三級(jí)語(yǔ)法備考資料2

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2018年成人英語(yǔ)三級(jí)語(yǔ)法備考資料2

1. 不定式的構(gòu)成

1)不定式的一般式

不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作通常與主要謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生，或是在它之后發(fā)生。如：

They invited us to go there this summer. 他們邀請(qǐng)我們今年夏天去那兒。

He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一邊讓我通過(guò)。

2)不定式的完成式

不定式的完成式所表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，它在句中可作表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)，有時(shí)也可作主語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。如：

She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這件事。

I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉讓你等了這么久。

I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do.

我本來(lái)想告訴你這件事的，但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。

It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country.

對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，在你們國(guó)家旅行這么多地方是一件很榮幸的事情。

3)不定式的進(jìn)行時(shí)

不定式的進(jìn)行時(shí)表示正在進(jìn)行的與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。它在句中可以用作除謂語(yǔ)以外的所有成分。如：

He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully. 他假裝在認(rèn)真地聽(tīng)老師講課。

4)動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式構(gòu)成。

Try not to be late again next time. 盡量下次不要再遲到。

He wished us never to meet her again. 他希望我們永遠(yuǎn)不要再見(jiàn)到她。

5)疑問(wèn)詞+動(dòng)詞不定式： .

不定式和疑問(wèn)詞whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, why等連用可以在句中起名詞的作用，通常跟在tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain, advise, teach, discuss, find out等動(dòng)詞后面作賓語(yǔ)，有時(shí)也可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。如：

On hearing the news, he didn't know whether to laugh or to cry.

聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息，他不知道該哭還是該笑。

When to hold the meeting has not decided. 什么時(shí)候開(kāi)會(huì)還沒(méi)有決定。

The most important problem is how to get so much money. 最重要的事情是如何搞到這么多錢(qián)。

介詞后一般不直接接不定式，但可以接疑問(wèn)詞+不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)。如：

Mary gave some advice on how to learn English. 瑪麗提了一些如何學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的建議。

I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道該怎么做。

2. 不定式的語(yǔ)法作用

1)不定式作主語(yǔ)：

To see once is better than to hear a hundred times. 百聞不如一見(jiàn)。

To master a foreign language is not an easy thing. 掌握一門(mén)外語(yǔ)不是一件容易的事。

在很多情況下，人們通常用it作為形式上的主語(yǔ)，而把不定式短語(yǔ)移到謂語(yǔ)之后，使句子顯得平穩(wěn)一些。如：

It's good manners to wait in line. 排隊(duì)等候是很有禮貌的。

It made us very angry to hear him speak to his mother like that. 聽(tīng)到他那樣跟他媽媽說(shuō)話我們很生氣。

2)不定式作表語(yǔ)：

The most important thing is to put theory into practice. 最重要的事情是把理論付諸實(shí)踐。

The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all. 最大的幸福就是為大家的幸福而工作。

I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students.

我覺(jué)得被邀請(qǐng)?jiān)跁?huì)上面對(duì)這么多學(xué)生發(fā)言是一件很光榮的事情。

4)不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)

①不定式可以和名詞或代詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，這時(shí)不定式被稱(chēng)為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：

I would like you to help me with my English exercises. 我想請(qǐng)你幫我做英語(yǔ)練習(xí)。

I never expected the shoes to be worn out so soon. 我從來(lái)沒(méi)想到鞋這么快就穿破了。

注意：動(dòng)詞help后面接不定式作賓語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)可以帶to也可以不帶to.如：

Who can help me (to) carry this heavy box? 誰(shuí)能幫我拎這個(gè)重箱子?

②在make, let, have等使役動(dòng)詞和see, watch, notice, hear, feel等感官動(dòng)詞后的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中，動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to.

I often hear her sing in the next room. 我經(jīng)常聽(tīng)到她在隔壁唱歌。

They make the baby go to bed at 7:00 p.m. every day.

他們每天讓孩子晚上7:00上床睡覺(jué)。

注意：當(dāng)使役動(dòng)詞和感官動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，不定式就成了主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的不定式必須加to.如：

Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. 盡管他經(jīng)常弄哭他的小妹妹，但今天他卻被他的小妹妹弄哭了。

He is often heard to sing the song. 經(jīng)常有人聽(tīng)到他唱這首歌。

③以be said, be reported, be known, seem, happen, prove, appear等構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)的句子中，動(dòng)詞不定式通常也可看作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。如：

More than 20 people were reported to have been killed in the accident.

據(jù)報(bào)道，有20多個(gè)人死于事故。

I happened to be talking with him when he was hit by a car.

他被汽車(chē)撞的時(shí)候，我碰巧在和他談話。

5)不定式作狀語(yǔ)： .

不定式作狀語(yǔ)可以表示行為的目的、結(jié)果、原因、條件等。

① 不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)，有時(shí)也可以用in order (not) to, so as (not) to結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

In order to protect the young plants from the sun, Mother put them in the shade.

為了保護(hù)幼苗不被太陽(yáng)曬壞，媽媽把它們放到了陰涼處。

He got up very early this morning so as not to be late for school again.

今天早上他起身很早以免上學(xué)再遲到。

②不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)有too…to, enough…to, so…as to, such…as to, only to…等。

The question is too difficult for me to answer. 對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，這個(gè)問(wèn)題很難回答。

He said he was clever enough to deal with it by himself. 他說(shuō)他足夠聰明可以獨(dú)自應(yīng)付這件事。

Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio? 請(qǐng)你幫我把收音機(jī)調(diào)低一點(diǎn)好嗎?

He woke up only to find himself in hospital. 他醒來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在醫(yī)院里。

③不定式作原因狀語(yǔ)，通常用來(lái)修飾表示情感、心理狀態(tài)、性格等的形容詞。

They are surprised to learn of his death. 得知他死亡的消息，他們很驚訝。

We are proud to be young people of new China. 成為新中國(guó)的青年，我們感到很驕傲。

hard, difficult, easy, fit, comfortable等詞也可以接動(dòng)詞不定式。如：

The water is not fit to drink. 這水不適合飲用。

The room is very comfortable to live in. 這個(gè)房間住起來(lái)很舒服。

3. 不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

It's expensive for people to use electricity for cooking. 人們用電做飯是很昂貴的。

It's careless of you to make such a mistake. 你犯這樣的錯(cuò)誤真是粗心。

They thought it impossible for us to find the lost child in the darkness. 他們認(rèn)為我們要在黑暗中找到迷路的小孩是不可能的。

難點(diǎn)釋疑：

1. 不定式不帶to的規(guī)則：

前面我們已經(jīng)談到，在一些使役動(dòng)詞和感官動(dòng)詞后的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式符號(hào)to常常省略，下面還有幾種情況請(qǐng)大家注意：

①在why引起的一些疑問(wèn)句中，疑問(wèn)詞直接跟動(dòng)詞原形或not+動(dòng)詞原形。如：

Why spend so much money? 為什么花這么多錢(qián)?

Why not let her have a try? 為什么不再讓她試一試?

②在had better(還是……最好)，had best(最好，頂好)，would rather(寧可，寧愿)，would rather…than(寧可……而不……)，would sooner(寧可，寧愿)，would sooner…than(寧可……而不……)，cannot but(不得不，必然)，cannot choose but(只得)，cannot help but(不得不)等結(jié)構(gòu)后直接跟動(dòng)詞原形或not +動(dòng)詞原形。如：

You'd better listen to your teacher’s opinion. 你最好聽(tīng)一聽(tīng)老師的看法。

I would rather work than stay idle. 我寧愿工作而不愿閑坐。

Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle.

他寧愿擠公共汽車(chē)也不愿騎自行車(chē)。

Liu Hulan would sooner die than surrender. 劉胡蘭寧死不屈。

One's world outlook cannot but come through in what one says and does.

一個(gè)人的世界觀必然在他的言行中表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。

③在介詞but, except之前如有動(dòng)詞do的任一形式，其后的動(dòng)詞不定式不用to.如：

Last evening I did nothing but repair my farm tools.

昨晚上我除了修理農(nóng)具外，沒(méi)有做其它的事情。

Now there was nothing he could do except admit defeat. 現(xiàn)在他只有認(rèn)輸。

如but 之前沒(méi)有do，其后的不定式則一般要加to.如：

I'm afraid we have no choice but to take a taxi. 恐怕我們別無(wú)選擇，只好乘出租車(chē)了。

They desired nothing but to succeed. 他們只想成功。

2. for somebody to do和of somebody to do的用法區(qū)別：

句型“It is +形容詞+for somebody+不定式”中的形容詞通常強(qiáng)調(diào)不定式的行為屬性，如：important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。

It's difficult for us to finish the work within two hours. 我們要在兩小時(shí)之內(nèi)完成工作是很難的。

It's reasonable for them to run away so quickly.他們這么快就逃跑了是很有道理的。

“It is +形容詞+of somebody+不定式”中的形容詞表示人物性格和特征。如：kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty等。

It's kind of you to think so much of us. 難為你這么為我們著想。

It's silly of the boy to keep pouring water into the basket. 這個(gè)男孩真傻，一直往籃子里倒水。

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