學位英語考試閱讀理解解題技巧八

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學位英語考試閱讀理解解題技巧八

(一)原因題型

原因通常成為考點，它的主要出現(xiàn)方式如下。

1.段落(含首段)第一句如果表達一種因果關系，通常為考點。

2.文章中細節(jié)性的因果關系――通常由一些表示因果關系的詞匯手段表達。

(1)表示因果關系的名詞：basis(根據)，result，consequence，reason;

(2)表示因果關系的動詞：result in(結果)，result from(由于，由……)，follow from(……結果)，base…on…(以……為基礎)，be due to(由于);

(3)表示因果關系的連詞或介詞：because，since，for，as，therefore，so，thus，why，with;

(4)表示因果關系的副詞：as a result，consequently等。

(二)條件題型

條件關系通常也是考點，它的主要出現(xiàn)方式如下。

1.以when、if、as等連詞引導的條件從句。

2.文章中細節(jié)性的條件關系――通常由一些表示條件關系的詞匯手段表達：如depend upon(取決于)，determine(決定)等。

例1

wher do pesticides(殺蟲劑)fit into the picture of environmental disease? We have seen that they now pollute soil, water, and food, that they have the power to make our streams fishless and our gardens and woodlands silent and birdless. Man, however much he may like to pretend the contrary, is part of nature. Can he escape a pollution that is now so thoroughly distributed throughout our world? We know that even single exposures to these chemicals, if the amount is large enough, can cause extremely severe poisoning. But this is not the major problem. The sudden illness or death of farmers, farm workers, and others exposes to sufficient quantities of pesti-cides is very sad and should not occur. For the population as a whole, we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world.

Responsible public health officials have pointed out that the biological effects of chemicals are cumulative(積累的)over long periods of time, and that the danger to the individual may depend on the sum of the exposures received throughout his life-time. For these very reasons the danger is easily ignored. It is human nature to shake off what may seem to us a threat of future disaster. "Men are naturally mo.st impressed by diseases which have obvious signs,"says a wise physician, Dr. Rene Dubos, "yet some of their worst enemies slowly approach them unnoticed."

People tend to ignore the delayed effects of exposure to chemicals because____.

A. limited exposure to them does little harm to people's health

B. the present is more important for them than the future

C. the danger does not become apparent immediately

D. humans are capable of withstanding small amounts of poisoning

這道題考點涉及原因。如果閱讀時圈劃了有關因果關系提示詞，這道題就比較容易做了。因果關系提示詞在第二段第二句：For these very reasons the danger is easily ignored.由此可知本段的前部為答案所在：化學制品的生物作用是長期積累的結果;化學制品對人危害的大小取決于人一生中接收的劑量的多少。C項：“化學制品的危害沒有立即顯現(xiàn)出來”表達的正是這個意思，所以是正確答案。

例2

It is likely that the dispute regarding flats versus(對，對抗)individual houses will continue to rage on for a long time as far as Britain is concerned. And it is unfortunate that there should be hot feelings on both sides whenever this subject is raised. Those who oppose the building of flats base their case primarily on the assumption(設想)that everyone prefers an individual home and garden and on the high cost per unit of accommodation. The latter ignores the higher cost of providing full services to a scat- tered community and the cost in both money and time of the journeys to work for the suburban resident.

Some people oppose the building of flats because

A. the living expenses for each individual family are higher

B. it involves higher cost compared with the building of houses

C. they believe people like to live in houses with gardens

D. the disposal of rubbish remains a problem for those living in flats

這道題考點同樣涉及原因。根據題干中的關鍵詞組0ppose the building of flats定位到含有原因表達法(base…on，意為“以……為根據”)的相關句：Those who oppose the building of flats base their case primarily on the assumption(設想)that everyone prefers an individual home and garden and on the high cost per unit of accommodation.反對建公寓的人最主要的根據是，人們都喜歡獨居于帶花園的住房中，由此可知C項為正確答案。

例3

Even plants can run a fever, especially when they're under attack by insects or disease. But unlike humans, plants can have their temperature taken from 3,000 feet away -- straight up. A decade ago, adapting the infrared(紅外線)scanning technolo-gy developed for military purposes and other satellites, physicist Stephen Paley came up with a quick way to take the temperature of crops to determine which ones are un-der stress. The goal was to let farmers precisely target pesticide(殺蟲劑)spraying rather than rain poison on a whole field, which invariably includes plants that don't have pest(害蟲)problems.

Even better, Paley's Remote Scanning Services Company could detect crop prob-lems before they became visible to the eye. Mounted on a plane flown at 3,000 feet at night, an infrared scanner measured the heat emitted by crops. The data were trans- formed into a color-coded map showing wher plants were running "fevers". Farmers could then spot-spray, using 50 to 70 percent less pesticide than they otherwise would.

The bad news is that Paley's company closed down in 1984, after only three years. Farmers resisted the new technology and long-term backers were hard to find.

But with the renewed concern about pesticides on produce, and refinements in infrared scanning, Paley hopes to get back into operation. Agriculture experts have no doubt the technology works. "This technique can be used on 75 percent of agricultural land in the United States, " says George Oerther of Texas A&M. Ray Jackson, who re- cently retired from the Department of Agriculture, thinks remote infrared crop scan- ning could be adopted by the end of the decade. But only if Paley finds the financial backing which he failed to obtain 10 years ago.

Infrared scanning technology may be brought back into operation because of

A. the desire of farmers to improve the quality of their produce

B. growing concern about the excessive use of pesticides on crops

C. the forceful promotion by the Department of Agriculture

D. full support from agriculture experts

根據題干中的關鍵詞組"brought back into operation"找到原文相關句：But with the renewed concern about pesticides on produce, and refinements in infrared scan-ning, Paley hopes to get back into operation.但是隨著人們重新關注殺蟲劑對農產品的影響，以及紅外線掃描技術的改進，Paley希望能重操舊業(yè)。由此可以推出B項為正確答案。這個考點與相關句中的原因狀語(以with引導)相聯(lián)系。

除了上述原文有因果關系提示詞的顯性原因考點之外，隱性原因(兩個句子之間為因果關系，但無有關提示詞)也是常見考點。不管考點是顯性原因，還是隱性原因，原文相關句出現(xiàn)的格式都是先說原因，后說結果，而在題干中通常給出結果，就其原因提問。

The application of infrared scanning technology to agriculture met with some diffi-culties due to

A. the lack of official support

B. its high cost

C. the lack of financial support

D. its failure to help increase production

這道題測試的考點是一個隱性原因(原文中沒有提示詞)。相關句為第三段前兩句

話：第一句話提到將紅外線掃描技術運用于農業(yè)遇到困難――Paley的公司于l984年關閉，第二句話敘述了其中的原因：Farmers: resisted the new technology and long-term backers were hard to find.農場主們抵制這項新技術，而且難以找到(投資方面的)長期支持者。由此可知C項為正確答案。

例4

For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and the record is available for the student to show to prospective employers. All this impo- ses a constant pressure and strain of work, but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs. Elections to positions in student organizations arouse much enthusiasm. The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually per- formed by students who advise the academic authorities. Any student who is thought to have broken the rules, for example, by cheating has to appear before a student court. With the enormous numbers of students, the operation of the system does in- volve a certain amount of activity. A student who has held one of these positions of au- thority is much respected and it will be of benefit to him later in his career.

American university students are usually under pressure of work because

A. their academic performance will affect their future careers

B. they are heavily involved in student affairs

C. they have to observe university discipline

D.they want to run for positions of authority

本題問的是美國大學生通常承受壓力的原因。相關句在前兩句話――第二句指出：All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work…這一切給學生造成持續(xù)的壓力和緊張……，由此可知原因在前一句：For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and the record is available for the student to show to prospective employers.學生上的每門課都有一個分數登記在冊，而分數可以由學生拿給未來雇主看。A：“其學業(yè)表現(xiàn)會影響其未來的工作”與上句“分數可以由學生拿給未來雇主看(由其決定是否錄用)”意思一致，為正確答案。第一句和第二句之間為因果關系(第一句為因，第二句為果)，但沒有因果關系提示詞，仍然成為考點，這種先因后果(無提示詞)的結構值得考生注意。

Some students are enthusiastic for positions in student organizations probably because

A. they hate the constant pressure and strain of their study

B. they will then be able to stay longer in the university

C. such positions help them get better jobs

D. such positions are usually well paid

第三句談到部分學生熱衷于在學生組織中任職：Elections tO positions in student organizations arouse much enthusiasm.接著討論了任職學生的作用，最后才提到了學生熱衷于任職的原因：A student who has held one of these positions of authority is much respected and it will be of benefit tO him later in his career.任職的學生受人尊敬，并在未來工作中獲益，由此可知C為正確答案。

例5

The reason these two wonders of nature are so difficult for many adults to explain to children is that they are not very well understood by adults themselves. For exam-ple, did you know that the lightning we see flashing down to the earth from a cloud is actually flashing up to a cloud from the earth? Our eyes trick us into thinking we see a downward motion when it's actually the other way around. But then, if we believed only what we think we see, we'd still insist that the sun rises in the morning and sets at night.

We believe that lightning is a downward motion because

A. we were taught so by our parents from our childhood

B. we are deceived by our sense of vision

C. it is a common natural phenomenon

D. it is a truth proved by science

這仍然是測試隱性原因的一道考題，思路是在有關結果附近找有關原因。談論"downward motion"的相關句為第三句：0ur eyes trick US into thinking we see a downward motion when it'S actually the other way around.由此可知人們認為閃電由上向下運動，是因為被視覺所騙，因此B項為正確答案。

如上所述，因果關系題的答案有時可依據因果關系提示詞圈劃或定位找，但更多的時候答案中并無因果關系提示詞，但仍表達因果關系。有鑒于此，考生平時有必要注意訓練自己的因果關系推理。不過，因果關系題的答案以題干中關鍵詞在原文中的前后句或同一段落內為主。

例6

After the violent earthquake that shook Los Angeles in 1994, earthquake scien-tists had good news to report: The damage and death toll(死亡人數)could have been much worse. More than 60 people died in this earthquake. By comparison, an earthquake of similar intensity that shook America in 1988 claimed 25,000 victims. Injuries and deaths were relatively less in Los Angeles because the quake occurred at 4:31 a.m. on a holiday; when traffic was light on the city's highways. In addition, changes made to the construction codes in Los Angeles during the last 20 years have strengthened the city's buildings and highways, making them more resistant to quakes. Despite the good news, civil engineers aren't resting on their successes. Pinned to their drawing boards are blue prints(藍圖)for improved quake-resistant buildings. The new designs should offer even greater security to cities wher earthquakes often take place. In the past, making structures quake-resistant meant firm yet flexible materials, such as steel and wood, that bend without breaking. Later, people tried to lift a build-ing off its foundation, and insert rubber and steel between the building and its founda-tion to reduce the impact of ground vibrations. The most recent designs give buildings brains as well as concrete and steel supports. Called smart buildings, the structures respond like living organisms to an earthquake's vibrations. When the ground shakes and the building tips forward, the computer would force the building to shift in the op- posite direction. The new smart structures could be very expensive to build. However, that wouldsave many lives and would be less likely to be damaged during earthquakes.

One reason why the loss of lives in the Los Angeles earthquake was comparatively low is that

A. new computers had been installed in the buildings

B. it occurred in the residential areas rather than on the highways

C. large numbers of Los Angeles residents had gone for a holiday

D. improvements had been made in the construction of buildings and highways

根據題干的提示可知，洛杉磯地震造成的傷亡在第三段談到：文中分析了l994年洛杉磯地震造成的損失和傷亡比較小的原因是：地震發(fā)生在休假日的凌晨，公路上車輛不多，同時由于建筑規(guī)程的修改，近20年來洛杉磯城市樓房和公路建筑都加固了，防震性能提高了。因此，只有D項：“城市樓房和公路建筑都進行了改進”與上述意思一致，為正確答案。選項A說“樓房安裝了電腦”，這是新近的設計方案，1994年還談不上，所以不對。選項C說大量居民當時外出度假去了，與原文中提到的“地震發(fā)生在休假日的凌晨”不符，所以也不對。

條件句也是一個常見的考點。它在原文出現(xiàn)的模式可以是：條件句+主句，或主句+條件句，但題干通常給出主句的意思，問相關條件。

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