2014年職稱英語(yǔ)考點(diǎn)資料:動(dòng)詞不定式
動(dòng)詞不定式概述
動(dòng)詞不定式指由to加上動(dòng)詞原形所構(gòu)成的一種非限定性動(dòng)詞,但在有些情況下to 可省略。動(dòng)詞不定式在語(yǔ)法功能上可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ),如:
To ignore this dangerous signal would be a terrible mistake. (作主語(yǔ))
He promised not to tell anyone else about it. (作賓語(yǔ))
To treat comrades like enemies is to go over to the side of the enemy.(作表語(yǔ))
The manager announced his intention to retire.(作定語(yǔ))
The old man walked slowly on the ice in order not to fall down.(作狀語(yǔ))
不定式中的動(dòng)詞仍然具有動(dòng)詞的特性,可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ),另外雖然動(dòng)詞不定式在語(yǔ)法上沒(méi)有表面上的主語(yǔ),但它所表達(dá)的意義是動(dòng)作,這一動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者就是該動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ),動(dòng)詞不定式要和它的邏輯主語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)態(tài)和時(shí)態(tài)上保持一致。
動(dòng)詞不定式的用法
1.不定式作主語(yǔ)
?、旁瓌t上,可用動(dòng)詞不定式直接作句子的主語(yǔ),通常用it作句子的形式主語(yǔ),而把不定式移到后面,形成“it + 謂語(yǔ)… + 動(dòng)詞不定式…”的句型。如:
To catch the 5: 00 bus early in the morning is not a good idea. it is not a good idea to catch the 5: 00 bus early in the morning. to learn a foreign language well takes painstaking efforts. it takes painstaking efforts to learn a foreign language well.
?、?若要說(shuō)明不定式的動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,可以在不定式前面加上“for + 名詞或代詞”結(jié)構(gòu),或是“of + 名詞或代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。
It is a great pleasure for me to talk with him. it is very kind of you to help me .
?、?可用于“of + 名詞/代詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的形容詞是指那些可以表示人或事物的性質(zhì)或品質(zhì)的好壞的形容詞。這些詞如: careful, cruel, foolish, bold, brave, good, honest, kind, rude, polite, nice,stupid, selfish, silly, wicked, wise, thoughtful, wrong等。
2.不定式作賓語(yǔ)
不定式作賓語(yǔ)有兩種情況:一是及物動(dòng)詞后直接跟帶to的不定式,二是“動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞+帶to的不定式”。
⑴“動(dòng)詞+帶to的不定式”結(jié)構(gòu):常見的以不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有afford, appear, agree, ask, believe, decide, demand, desire, fail, hope, intend,learn, mean, offer, promise, refuse, wish等。如:
I can‘t afford to buy a house.
⑵“動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)代(副)詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu):常見的這類動(dòng)詞有advise, decide, forget, know, learn, remember, see, tell, think, teach, wonder,discover, understand, guess, explain等。這類疑問(wèn)代(副)詞 what, when, which, where, how, whether等(不包含why)。如:
She does not know how to go there. he will tell you how to deal with it.
⑶在不定式作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),有時(shí)我們會(huì)使用it作形式賓語(yǔ),而把不定式放到后面。如:
They consider it inappropriate to have classes in the evening.
3.不定式作表語(yǔ)
不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí),主語(yǔ)通常是一個(gè)名詞,不定式短語(yǔ)或者從句。
The boss‘s plan is to start building the skyscraper immediately. to work means to earn a living. what you have to do is to push the button.
4.不定式作定語(yǔ)
不定式作定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,它修飾以下幾類名詞:
⑴由動(dòng)詞派生或轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)的名詞,它們所對(duì)應(yīng)的動(dòng)詞通常有不定式作賓語(yǔ)。
Another attempt to climb the mountain will be made next month. in his speech he expressed his determination to achieve the goal. 這類名詞主要有:attempt, claim, decision, plan, promise, intention, need, resolution,tendency, wish, failure, threat等。
?、朴煽赡芘c不定式搭配的形容詞派生出來(lái)的名詞。
Her eagerness to learn a foreign language obvious.這類名詞主要有:anxiety, patience, ability, willingness, ambition等。
⑶不定式作定語(yǔ)還可用來(lái)修飾代詞something, anything, everything, nothing.
she has everything to lose and nothing to gain.
?、扔蒾nly, last, next, 序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾的名詞后常用不定式作定語(yǔ)。
Jim is the only student to answer the question correctly in his class. you are the last to undertake the blood test.
⑸ 不定式常作為定語(yǔ)修飾there be結(jié)構(gòu)的真實(shí)主語(yǔ)。
There is a big task to complete.
?、?有些抽象名詞。主要有:reason, right, time, effort, chance, way等。如: the time to go to school, the way to get to the clinic, the chance to win the game.
5.不定式作狀語(yǔ)
不定式作狀語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句,表示形為的目的、結(jié)果或原因。
?、疟硎灸康?。在這種情況下,不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)通常也是全句的主語(yǔ)。
He stayed there to see what would happen.在強(qiáng)調(diào)不定式目的狀語(yǔ)時(shí),不定式前可加in order, so as等。如:
She asked me to drive her to the airport in order to catch the 5: 00 plane. he moved the tv set to the meeting-room so as to let everyone watch it.
?、朴胹o……as to……, such (……) as to……, enough to……, too……to, only to等表示結(jié)果,如:
Have you got enough room to seat all of us?
She is too weak to join us in the outing.
?、菍⒉欢ㄊ揭频骄涫妆硎緱l件,如:
to hear the teacher better, you have to sit in the front. = if you are to hear the teacher better,……
?、扰c形容詞連用時(shí),大多表示原因。這些形容詞主要有:happy, kind, surprised, frightened, angry, shocked, glad, delighted, grieved,disappointed等。
They were surprised to be informed of the news. i‘m glad to hear this.
動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
進(jìn)行式 to be doing
完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing
1.如果不定式所表示的動(dòng)作與主要謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)(或幾乎同時(shí))發(fā)生或發(fā)生在主要謂語(yǔ)之后,通常用不定式的一般形式。如:
I saw him go out.
I‘m glad to see you.
2.如果不定式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主要謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或特定的時(shí)間之前,不定式就要用完成式。如:
I intended to have telephoned you, but i forgot to.
I should like to have bought a dictionary.
3.不定式進(jìn)行式表示主要謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí),不定式所表示的動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生。如:
I am glad to be talking with you. she pretended to be listening attentively.
4.不定式完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示的是一個(gè)開始于過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻但一直延續(xù)到謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的那一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作。如:
He was thought to have been working on the project for two years.
5.不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),這個(gè)不定式要用被動(dòng)式,包括它的各種時(shí)態(tài)在內(nèi)。如:
She doesn‘t like to be treated as a guest.
她不喜歡被當(dāng)作客人對(duì)待。
They want their tv set to be fixed right now.
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