銆€銆€榛�(di菐n)鎿婇€�(j矛n)鍏ワ細2014骞磋伔绋辫嫳瑾�(y菙)(鐞嗗伐椤�)鏁欐潗闁辫畝鐞嗚В鏂囩珷鍖附銆€

銆€銆€Citizen Scientists

銆€銆€Understanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle1 events-flowering, the appearance of leaves, the first frog calls of the spring - all around the world. But ecologists can't be everywhere so they're turning to non-scientists, sometimes called citizen scientists, for help.

銆€銆€Climate scientists are not present everywhere. Because there are so many places in the world and not enough scientists to observe all of them, they're asking for your help in observing signs of climate change across the world. The citizen scientist movement encourages ordinary people to observe a very specific research interest - birds, trees, flowers budding, etc. - and send their observations to a giant database to be observed by professional scientists. This helps a small number of scientists track a large amount of data that they would never be able to gather on their own. Much like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a hyper-local beat2, citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live. All that's needed to become one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and send it3 in.

銆€銆€A group of scientists and educators launched an organization last year called the National Pheonology4 Network. "Phenology" is what scientists call the study of the timing of events in nature.

銆€銆€One of the group's first efforts relies on scientists and non-scientists alike to collect data about plant flowering and leafing every year. The program, called Project BudBurst, collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the United States. People participating in the project - which is open to everyone - record their observations on the Project BudBurst website.

銆€銆€"People don't have to be plant experts -they just have to look around and see what's in their neighborhood," says Jennifer Schwartz, an education consultant with the project. "As we collect this data, we'll be able to make an estimate of how plants and eommunities5 of plants and animals will respond as the climate changes."

銆€銆€瑭炲尟锛�

銆€銆€Frog n. 铔� Ecologist n.鐢熸厠(t脿i)瀛�(xu茅)瀹� Phenology n.鐗╁€�?q奴)W Bud v.鐧�(f膩)鑺�锛岃悓鑺�;n.鑺�锛岃姳钑�

銆€銆€Neighbor(u)rhood n.杩戦劙;閯拌繎鍦板崁(q奴) Database n.鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)搴�(k霉)

銆€銆€Professional adj.灏堟キ(y猫)鐨�锛岃伔妤�(y猫)鐨�;n.鑱锋キ(y猫)閬告墜锛屽皥妤�(y猫)浜哄摗

銆€銆€娉ㄩ噵锛�

銆€銆€1. life cycle锛氱敓鍛藉懆鏈�锛屽嵆鐢熺墿鐧�(f膩)灞曢亷绋嬬殑绯诲垪璁婂寲銆�

銆€銆€2. hyper-local beat: beat 鍦ㄦ鍋氬悕瑭炵敤锛屾剰鎬濇槸锛氭煇椤炴柊鑱炲牨(b脿o)閬�锛屽锛宎 business beat;鍟嗘キ(y猫)灏堥鍫�(b脿o)閬�銆傞€欐槸杩戝勾渚嗗嚭鐝�(xi脿n)鐨勬柊瑭炪€侶yper-local beat 鍗砲yper-local news锛屾寚鐨勬槸琚偝绲�(t菕ng)鏂拌仦鍫�(b脿o)閬撴柟寮忔墍蹇界暐鐨勫皬鍨嬬ぞ鍗€(q奴)鎴栧眳姘戝眳浣忓崁(q奴)閲岀櫦(f膩)鐢熺殑鐩搁棞(gu膩n)淇℃伅鍫�(b脿o)閬�銆傚湪缇庡湅(gu贸)鐢辨鑰岃獣鐢熶簡hyper-local news website锛屽皥闁€灏�(du矛)涓绘祦濯掗珨鎵€娌掓湁瑕嗚搵鐨勫湴鍗€(q奴)鎵€鐧�(f膩)鐢熺殑浜嬩欢閫�(j矛n)琛屽牨(b脿o)閬�锛屽叾褰㈠紡澶氫互缍�(w菐ng)姘戯紝鍗崇煭鏂囦腑鎵€鎻愬強鐨刢itizen journalists锛屼笂鍌虫墍鍦ㄧぞ鍗€(q奴)鐧�(f膩)鐢熺殑浜嬩欢鍫�(b脿o)閬�銆佺収鐗囨垨瑕栭牷鐐轰富銆傞€欐槸缍�(w菐ng)绲�(lu貌)鏅�(sh铆)浠ｇ敘(ch菐n)鐢熺殑鍙堜竴鏂扮敓浜嬬墿銆�

銆€銆€3. data 鏄京(f霉)鏁�(sh霉)褰㈠紡锛屼絾甯哥敤鍋氬柈鏁�(sh霉)锛屾墍浠ラ€欓噷鐨勪唬瑭炴槸it銆傚彟鍙冭鏈€鍚庝竴娈碘€淎s we collect this data, ...鈥濄€傞€欓噷鐨刣ata 涔熺敤浣滃柈鏁�(sh霉)銆�

銆€銆€4. phenology锛氱墿鍊�?q奴)W鎴栫敓鐗╂埃鍊�?q奴)W锛屾槸姘ｅ€�?q奴)W鍜岀敓鎱�(t脿i)瀛�(xu茅)鐨勯倞绶ｅ(xu茅)绉戯紝涓昏鐮旂┒姘ｅ€欑挵(hu谩n)澧冨皪(du矛)鐢熺墿鐨勫奖闊�銆�

銆€銆€5. communities锛氱敓鎱�(t脿i)瀛�(xu茅)瑭炲尟锛氱敓鐗╃兢钀�锛岃杓夋瘮杓冪浉浼肩殑鐠�(hu谩n)澧冩浠朵笅鍦ㄧ壒瀹氳嚜鐒跺崁(q奴)鍩熸垨鐠�(hu谩n)澧冧腑鐢熸椿鍜屼簰鐩稿奖闊跨殑涓€缇ゆ鐗╁拰鍕�(d貌ng)鐗�銆�

銆€銆€绶寸繏(x铆)锛�1. Ecologists turn to non-scientist citizens for help because they need them

銆€銆€A) to provide their personal life cycles.

銆€銆€B) to observe the life cycle of plants.

銆€銆€C) to collect data of the life cycle of living things.

銆€銆€D) to teach children knowledge about climate change.

銆€銆€2. What are citizen scientists asked to do?

銆€銆€A) To develop a specific research interest and become professional scientists.

銆€銆€B) To send their research observations to a professional database.

銆€銆€C) To increase their knowledge about climate change.

銆€銆€D) To keep a record of their research observations.

銆€銆€3. In "All that's needed to become one... (paragraph 2) ", what does the word "one" stands for?

銆€銆€A) a citizen journalist.

銆€銆€B) a citizen scientist.

銆€銆€C) a scientist.

銆€銆€D) a citizen.

銆€銆€4. What is NOT true of Project BudBurst?

銆€銆€A) Only experts can participate in it.

銆€銆€B) Everybody can participate in it.

銆€銆€C) It collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants.

銆€銆€D) It has its own website.

銆€銆€5. What is the final purpose of Project BudBurst?

銆€銆€A) To study when plants will have their first buds.

銆€銆€B) To find out the types of plants in the neighborhood.

銆€銆€C) To collect life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the United States.

銆€銆€D) To investigate how plants and animals will respond as the climate changes.

銆€銆€绛旀鑸囬瑙ｏ細

     1. C绗竴娈靛拰绗簩娈电殑绗竴鍙ュ憡瑷存垜鍊戯紝瑕佸湪涓栫晫鑼冨湇鍏�(n猫i)瑙€瀵熸埃鍊�?q奴)违绗炲寑鎭㈢尒顚濋敺顚掝彙鑺疯瘶鎸犵粖鎳€鐟�?sh霉)閲忔湁闄愮殑绉戝(xu茅)瀹朵笉鍙兘瓒宠贰閬嶅強澶╀笅锛岀偤姝ょ瀛�(xu茅)瀹舵眰鍔╀簬鏅€氬叕姘戠殑鍙冭垏銆傛墍浠 鏄纰洪伕鎿�銆�

銆€銆€2. B绗簩娈电涓夊彞涓璭ncourage ordinary people to observe鈥︾殑涓昏獮(y菙)鏄疶he citizen scientist movement锛屽嵆鍏皯鍙冭垏绉戝(xu茅)瑙€瀵熺殑閬�(y霉n)鍕�(d貌ng)銆傛墍浠 涓嶆槸姝ｇ⒑閬告搰銆侫 鍜孋 涓嶇鍚堟枃绔犵殑鍙ユ剰锛屽洜姝や篃涓嶆槸姝ｇ⒑鐨勯伕鎿�銆傞€欏€�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙鐨勫ぇ鎰忔槸锛氶€欎竴閬�(y霉n)鍕�(d貌ng)榧撳嫷(l矛)鏅€氬叕姘戞牴鎿�(j霉)鑷繁鐨勮垐瓒ｆ剾濂介€�(j矛n)琛岀瀛�(xu茅)瑙€瀵�锛屽苟灏囪瀵熺祼(ji茅)鏋滈€佷氦鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)搴�(k霉)锛岃畵灏堥杸闋�(l菒ng)鍩熺殑绉戝(xu茅)瀹跺仛閫�(j矛n)涓€姝ョ殑瑙€瀵�銆侭 姝ｇ⒑琛ㄩ仈(d谩)浜嗛€欏€�(g猫)鎰忔€濄€�

銆€銆€3. B one 鍦ㄩ€欓噷鏄竴鍊�(g猫)浠ｈ锛屽叾鍓嶇疆瑭炴槸citizen scientists 锛岃€屼笉鏄痗itizen journalists锛岄€欓噷鐨刼ne 鎸囩殑鏄痮ne of citizen scientists銆傛墍浠銆丆 鍜孌 閮戒笉鏄纰洪伕鎿�銆傞€欏€�(g猫)鍙ュ瓙鐨勬剰鎬濇槸锛屽彧瑕佹瘡澶╂垨姣忔槦鏈熻姳涓婂咕鍒嗛悩鏀堕泦鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)骞剁櫦(f膩)閫佸嚭鍘�锛屽氨鑳芥垚鐐轰竴鍊�(g猫)鍏皯绉戝(xu茅)瀹躲€�

銆€銆€4. A 鏂囩珷鏈€鍚庝竴娈佃锛岄€欏€�(g猫)瑷�(j矛)鍔冨悜鎵€鏈変汉闁嬫斁(open to everyone)锛屾墍浠ユ噳(y墨ng)閬告搰A銆侭锛孋锛孌 鎵€杩板収(n猫i)瀹归兘鍦ㄨ┎娈典腑鎻愬埌銆�

銆€銆€5. D C 琛ㄨ堪鐨勫収(n猫i)瀹规槸Project Budburst 鎵€瑕佸仛鐨勫伐浣�锛屼絾鍏舵渶绲傜殑鐩殑涓嶅儏鍍呮槸鏀堕泦鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)锛岃€屾槸鐮旂┒姘ｅ€欒畩鍖栧皪(du矛)鐢熺墿鐢熷懡鍛ㄦ湡鐨勫奖闊裤€傚洜姝�锛孌 鎵嶆槸姝ｇ⒑绛旀銆�

銆€銆€璀枃锛氱涓夌瘒 鍏皯绉戝(xu茅)瀹�

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銆€銆€鈥滀汉鍊戜笉闇€瑕佹槸妞嶇墿瀛�(xu茅)瀹垛€曗€曚粬鍊戝儏鍍呴渶瑕佺挵(hu谩n)瑕栧洓鍛ㄧ湅鐪嬪懆鍦嶆湁浠€涔�銆傗€滼ennifer Schwarts瑾�锛屽ス鏄€欓爡(xi脿ng)瑷�(j矛)鍔冪殑鏁欒偛椤у晱?锛佸反銊焇鏀堕泦鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)锛屾垜鍊戝氨鑳藉浼扮畻鍑烘埃鍊欒畩鍖栧皪(du矛)妞嶇墿鍜岀敓鐗╃兢钀芥渻(hu矛)鏈夋€庢ǎ鐨勫奖闊�銆�