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銆€銆€More Efforts Urged to Empower Women at AIDS Conference

銆€銆€Prevention is a central issue being discussed at the sixteenth International AIDS Conference in Toronto,Canada.Twenty-four thousand delegates are at the conference which ends Friday.

銆€銆€Bill and Melinda Gates2 called for3 faster research to,develop preventions like microbicidest for women to use when they have sex.___1___Melinda Gates said the way to "change this epidemic" is to put power in the hands of women5.In southern Africa,for example,about sixty percent of adults living with HIV6;are women.Bill Gates said women today often have no choice but to depend on men not to infect them."A woman should never need her partner's permission to save her own life," he said as the conference opened Sunday.___2___

銆€銆€On Monday,former President Bill Clinton said more people would get tested for HIV if an aggressive effort took place to fight the stigma.But reducing fears of social rejection is not enough.___3___

銆€銆€Researchers at the conference presented the results of a new study of HIV testing.It involved more than one hundred thousand people tested in California last year.Some received a quick test,with results in about twenty minutes.The others received a test that is more commonly used;the result takes two weeks.The researchers say twenty-five percent of the people who had the longer test did not return to learn the results.___4___George Lemp of the University of California led the study.He says quick tests could be especially important in developing countries with limited transportation.

銆€銆€Speakers at the AIDS conference also discussed high rates of new HIV infections among black Americans.Julian Bond is chairman of the NAACP7,a leading civil rights group.

銆€銆€___5___Public health officials say half of all new HIV infections in the United States are in blacks.African-American delegates at the conference said they will prepare a five-year plan to reduce infection rates and increase testing.

銆€銆€A .The chairman said African-Americans must,in his words,"face the fact that AIDS has become a black disease."

銆€銆€B.Mr.Clinton said people also need a guarantee they would get medicine to suppress the virus.

銆€銆€C.Delegates at the conference have worked out an action plan to fight the wide spread of this terrible disease all over the world.

銆€銆€D.They hoped that such products could protect against infection with the virus that causes AIDS.

銆€銆€E.The world's richest man said "stopping AIDS"is the top priority of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

銆€銆€F.But that was true of only two percent of those who had the quick test.

銆€銆€鍙冭€冪瓟妗堬細D E B F A

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銆€銆€2.E 鏈┖鐧借檿鐨勫墠闈㈠叐鍙ヨ┍鍒嗗垾鐢ㄩ枔鎺ュ紩瑾炲拰鐩存帴寮曡獮浠嬬垂姣旂埦?钃嬭尐鎵€瑾殑瑭�,閬搁爡(xi脿ng)E浠嶆槸浠嬬垂姣旂埦?钃嬭尐璎涜┍鐨勫収(n猫i)瀹�,鎵€浠ュ～鍦ㄩ€欓噷鏄伆鐣�(d膩ng)?sh霉)?銆傛湰閬搁爡(xi脿ng)涓墍瑾殑the world's richestman姝ｆ槸姣旂埦?钃嬭尐,浠栨槸鍏ㄧ悆棣栧瘜銆�

銆€銆€3.B 鏈鍓嶅叐鍙ヤ粙绱圭殑鏄編宀″墠绺界当(t菕ng)姣旂埦?鍏嬫灄闋撶殑璎涜┍,閬搁爡(xi脿ng)B浠嶆槸鍏嬫灄闋撹瑳瑭辩殑鍏�(n猫i)瀹�,娉佷笖鏂囩珷鍏朵粬鍦版柟閮芥矑鏈夋彁鍒板厠鏋楅爴,鍥犳濉湪閫欓噷鏄渶鎭扮暥(d膩ng)?sh霉)鎽�?/p>

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銆€銆€5.A 鏈┖鐧借檿鍓嶄竴鍙ヤ粙绱逛簡Julian Bond鏄噸瑕佺殑姘戞瑠(qu谩n)姗�(j墨)妲�(g貌u)NAACP鐨勪富甯�,鑰岄伕闋�(xi脿ng)A瑾�,"浠栬,闈炶缇庡湅(gu贸)浜�‘鎳�(y墨ng)瑭查潰灏�(du矛)鑹炬粙鐥呭凡缍�(j墨ng)璁婃垚榛戜汉鐥呴€欏€�(g猫)浜嬪(sh铆)’銆�"鏂囩珷涓矑鏈夌浜屽€�(g猫)鍦版柟鎻愬埌chairman閫欏€�(g猫)瑭�,鑰岄伕闋�(xi脿ng)A涓€闁嬮牠灏辨彁鍒癟he chairman said…,鍙姝よ檿绛旀闈炲畠鑾爆浜嗐€�

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銆€銆€Musical Training Can Improve Communication Skills

銆€銆€American scientists say musical training seems to improve communication skills and language retardation.They found that developing musical skills involves the same process in the brain as learning how to speak.The scientists believe that1 could help children with learning disabilities.

銆€銆€1.She says musical training involves putting together different kinds of information,such as hearing music,looking at musical notes,touching an instrument and watching other musicians.This process is not much different from learning how to speak.2.

銆€銆€The further explains musical training and learning to speak each make us think about what we are doing2.She says speech and music pass through a structure of the nervous system called the brain stem.3 .Until recently,experts have thought the brain stem could not be developed or changed.But Professor Kranss and her team found that musical training can improve a person's brain stem activity.

銆€銆€The study involved individuals with different levels of musical ability.They were asked to wear an electrical device that measures brain activity.The Individuals wore the electrode while they watched a video of someone speaking and a person playing a musical instrument —— the cello.4 .The study found that the more years of training people had,the more sensitive they were to the sound and rhythm of the music3.Those who were involved in musical activities were the same people in whom the improvement of sensory events was the strongest.5 She says using music to improve listening skills could mean they hear sentences and understand facial expressions better.

銆€銆€瑭炲尟锛�

銆€銆€retardation n.婊悗 cello n.澶ф彁鐞�

銆€銆€note n.闊崇 rhythm n.绡€(ji茅)濂�

銆€銆€electrode n.闆绘サ sensory adj.鐭ヨ鐨�锛屾劅瀹樼殑

銆€銆€娉ㄩ噵锛�

銆€銆€1.scientists believe that could help children with learning disabilities锛氱瀛�(xu茅)瀹剁櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)锛岄煶妯傝〒(x霉n)绶�銆佸皪(du矛)瀛�(xu茅)缈�(x铆)涓婃湁闅滅鐨勫厭绔ユ湁骞姪銆倀hat鏄緸鍙�“that could help children with learning disabilities”涓殑涓昏獮銆倀hat鎸囦唬涓婁竴鍙ョ殑developing musical skills involves the same process in the brain as learning how to speak.with learning disabilities鏄畾瑾�锛屼慨椋綾hildren.

銆€銆€2.musical training and learning to speak each make US think about what we are doin9锛氶煶妯傝〒(x霉n)绶村拰瀛�(xu茅)缈�(x铆)瑾┍閫欏叐鑰呴兘浣挎垜鍊戞€濊€冩垜鍊戞鍦ㄦ墍鍋氱殑浜�銆俥ach鎸噈usical trainin9鍜宭earning to speak涓殑浠讳綍涓€鍊�(g猫)銆傚彞瀛愮殑涓昏獮鏄痬usical training and learning to speak锛屾墍浠ワ紝璎傝獮鍕�(d貌ng)瑭炴槸寰�(f霉)鏁�(sh霉)鐨�銆�

銆€銆€3.the more years of training people had锛宼he more sensitive they were to the sound and rhythm of the music锛氫汉鍊戞帴鍙楅煶妯傝〒(x霉n)绶寸殑骞翠唤瓒婇暦(zh菐ng)锛屽叾灏�(du矛)闊虫▊鑱查煶鍜岀瘈(ji茅)濂忕殑鏁忔劅鎬т篃瓒婇珮銆俻eople鏄墠鍗婃棳涓殑涓昏獮銆�

銆€銆€绶寸繏(x铆)锛�

銆€銆€A Both involve different senses.

銆€銆€B Nina Kraus is a neurobiologist (~E~锛殈) at Northwestern University in Illinois.

銆€銆€C Some disabled children attended~ the musical training Class.

銆€銆€D It shows the importance of musical training to children with learning disabilities.

銆€銆€E Professor Krauss says cellos have sound qualities similar to some of the sounds that are important with speech.

銆€銆€F The brain stem controls our ability to hear.

銆€銆€绛旀鑸囬瑙ｏ細

銆€銆€1.B “绌簂”鍚庨潰鐨勫彞瀛愮殑涓昏獮鏄唬瑭瀞he锛岃鏄�“绌簂”鐨勫彞瀛愪腑鏈変竴鍊�(g猫)濂虫€х殑鍚嶅瓧銆傞伕闋�(xi脿ng)B鏈塏ina Kraus(Nina“灏煎”鏄コ鎬у悕瀛�)锛屽彞瀛愮殑鍏�(n猫i)瀹规槸浠嬬垂Nina Kraus锛岃垏鍚庨潰鍙ュ瓙鐨勬剰鎬濋厤寰椾笂銆侭鏄瓟妗堛€�

銆€銆€2.A 鏈鐨勭浜�銆佷笁鍙ヨ锛岄煶妯傝〒(x霉n)绶村拰瀛�(xu茅)缈�(x铆)閫欏叐浠朵簨娌掓湁浠€涔堝緢澶х殑涓嶅悓銆傞伕闋�(xi脿ng)A鐨�“Both involve different senses”瑙ｉ噵浜嗙偤浠€涔堥€欎箞瑾�锛屽洜?y脿n)闁儳鍙ㄥ繉濠曞畨鐓岊儛姣嶆硠?锛屼篃灏辨槸涓婃枃鎵€鍒楄垑鐨�“hearing music”(鑰宠伣)锛�“looking at musical notes/watching other musicians”(鐪肩湅)锛�“touching an instrument”(鎵嬭Ц)绛�銆�

銆€銆€3.F 鍦ㄥ叚鍊�(g猫)閬搁爡(xi脿ng)涓�锛岄伕闋�(xi脿ng)F鐨勫彞瀛愪腑鍑虹従(xi脿n)鐗规寚鐨則he brain stem锛岃鏄庡墠鏂囧凡鍑虹従(xi脿n)閬庨€欏€�(g猫)瑭炶獮銆傞€欐槸绡囩珷瀵綔涓父鐢ㄧ殑瑭炲尟閫ｆ帴鏂瑰紡銆傚緸鎰忕京涓婄湅锛岄伕闋�(xi脿ng)F鐨勫彞瀛愭槸瑙ｉ噵涓婃枃鎻愬埌鐨刡rain stem鐨勫姛鑳�銆備笂涓嬫枃鎰忔€濋€ｈ搏锛屾墍浠ユ槸绛旀銆�

銆€銆€4.E 鍚屼笂闈㈢涓夐鐨勮В閲嬩竴妯ｏ紝閬搁爡(xi脿ng)E鐨勫彞瀛愪腑鍑虹従(xi脿n)鐗规寚鐨則he cellos锛岃垏涓婁竴鍙ョ殑cello鐩稿懠鎳�(y墨ng)锛岃┎鍙ヨ鏄庣瀛�(xu茅)瀹剁偤浠€涔堣閬告搰澶ф彁鐞翠綔鐐洪煶妯傝〒(x霉n)绶寸殑妯傚櫒锛屼笂涓嬫枃鎰忔€濋€ｈ搏锛屾墍浠鏄瓟妗�銆� 锛�

銆€銆€5.D 鏈€鍚庝竴娈典粙绱归煶妯傝〒(x霉n)绶寸殑鏂规硶鍜岀祼(ji茅)鏋滐紝浠ュ強灏�(du矛)瀛�(xu茅)缈�(x铆)鐨勯棞(gu膩n)鑱�(li谩n)鍜屽奖闊�銆傞伕闋�(xi脿ng)D琛ㄩ仈(d谩)鐨勬剰鎬濇槸闊虫▊瑷�(x霉n)绶寸殑绲�(ji茅)鏋滃拰灏�(du矛)瀛�(xu茅)缈�(x铆)涓婃湁闅滅鐨勫厭绔ユ墍鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熺殑姝ｉ潰褰遍熆锛屾剰鎬濊垏鍏跺墠鍚庡叐鍙ョ殑鎰忔€濆畬鍏ㄩ厤鍚�锛孌鏄瓟妗�銆�

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銆€銆€銆愬倷鑰冪稉(j墨ng)椹�(y脿n)銆�2016骞磋伔绋辫嫳瑾炶鍖鎲舵妧宸у尟绺�

銆€銆€2016骞磋伔绋辫嫳瑾炶€冭│?y谩n)鐮夈値鎰漮灏�(d菐o)璩囨枡鍖附

銆€銆€鐠�(hu谩n)鐞冪恫(w菐ng)鏍″弸鎯呮彁绀猴細濡傛灉鎮ㄥ湪姝ら亷绋嬩腑閬囧埌浠讳綍鐤戝晱锛岃珛(q菒ng)鐧婚寗鐠�(hu谩n)鐞冪恫(w菐ng)鏍�鑱风ū鑻辫獮闋婚亾鍙�璜栧锛屾垜鍊戦毃鏅�(sh铆)鑸囧唬澶ц€冪敓鏈嬪弸鍊戜竴璧蜂氦娴�!

銆€銆€銆愭憳瑕併€戠挵(hu谩n)鐞冪恫(w菐ng)鏍★細2016骞磋伔绋辫嫳瑾炶€冭│鍚勫湴鍗€(q奴)宸茬稉(j墨ng)闁嬪鍫�(b脿o)鍚�锛岀洰鍓嶅倷鑰�2016骞磋伔绋辫嫳瑾炶€冭│鐨勮€冪敓涔熷湪寰簭婕搁€�(j矛n)鐨勫京(f霉)缈�(x铆)涓�銆傚皪(du矛)姝�锛岀挵(hu谩n)鐞冨皬绶ㄦ暣鐞嗕簡銆�2016骞磋伔绋辫嫳瑾炶€冭│<缍滃悎椤�>瑁�(b菙)鍏ㄧ煭鏂囬殠娈电反缈�(x铆)銆�锛屽笇鏈涘倷鑰�2016骞磋伔绋辫嫳瑾炶€冭│鐨勮€冪敓閮借兘闋嗗埄閫氶棞(gu膩n)銆�

銆€銆€鐩搁棞(gu膩n)鎺ㄨ枽锛�鑱风ū鑻辫獮缍滃悎椤炶(b菙)鍏ㄧ煭鏂囪€冭│妯℃摤椤屽尟绺�

銆€銆€1 A few countries are using powerful electromagnets to develop high-speed trains,called maglev trains. Maglev is short for magnetic levitation 1 ,which means that these trains float over a guide way using the basic principles of magnets to replace the old steel wheel and track trains.

銆€銆€2 If you've ever played with magnets,you know that opposite poles attract and like poles repel each other2. This is the basic principle behind electromagnetic propulsion. Electromagnets are similar to other magnets in that they attract metal objects,but the magnetic pull is temporary. You can easily create a small electromagnet yourself by connecting the ends of a copper wire to the positive and negative ends of an AA-cell battery3. This creates a small magnetic field. If you disconnect either end of the wire from the battery,the magnetic field is taken away.

銆€銆€3 The magnetic field created in this wire-and-battery experiment is the simple idea behind a maglev train rail system. There are three components to this system锛� A large electrical power source,metal coils lining a guide way or track,and large guidance magnets attached to the underside of the train.

銆€銆€4 The big difference between a maglev train and a conventional train is that maglev trains do not have an engine —— at least not the kind of engine used to pull typical train cars along steel tracks4. The engine for maglev trains is rather innoticeable. Instead of using fossil fuels,the magnetic field created by the electrified coils in the guideway walls and the track combines to propel the trains5.

銆€銆€5 The magnetized coil running along the track,called a guideway,repels the large magnets on the train's undercarriage,allowing the train to levitate between 1 to 10 cm above the guideway. Once the train is levitated,power is supplied to the coils within the guideway walls to create a unique system of magnetic fields that pull and push~ th train along the guideway. The electric current supplied to the coils in the guideway walls is constantly alternating to change the polarity of the magnetized coils. This change in polarity causes the magnetic field in front of the train to pull the vehicle forward,while the magnetic field behind the train adds more forward thrust.

銆€銆€6 Maglev trains float on a cushion of air',eliminating friction. This lack of friction allows these trains to reach unprecedented ground transportation speeds of more than 500 kph,or twice as fast as the fastest conventional train. At 500 kph,you could travel from Paris to Rome in just over two hours.

銆€銆€瑭炲尟锛�

銆€銆€Levitate v. 鎳告诞 electrified v. 浣垮付闆�

銆€銆€Levitation n. 鎳告诞 magnetize v. 浣垮付纾�

銆€銆€guideway n. 灏�(d菐o)鍚戞Ы line v.鎺掑垪鎴愯

銆€銆€propelb vt. 鎺ㄩ€�(j矛n) underside n.涓嬪伌(c猫)锛屼笅闈�

銆€銆€propulsion n. 鎺ㄩ€�(j矛n) undercarriage n. 杌婄洡

銆€銆€娉ㄩ噵锛�

銆€銆€1. Maglev is short for magnetic levitation 锛歮aglev 鏄� magnetic levitation 鐨勭府鐣ヨ銆�

銆€銆€2. opposite poles attract and like poles repel each other锛� 鐣版サ鐩稿惛锛屽悓妤电浉鏂�

銆€銆€3. AA-cell battery锛�5铏�(h脿o)闆绘睜

銆€銆€4. at least not the kind of engine used to pull typical train cars along steel tracks锛� 鑷冲皯涓嶆槸娌胯憲杌岄亾鎷夊嫊(d貌ng)鍏稿瀷鐨勭伀杌婅粖寤傜殑閭ｇó鐧�(f膩)鍕�(d貌ng)姗�(j墨)銆�

銆€銆€5. the magnetic field created by the electrified coils in the guideway walls and the track combine to propel the train锛� 鐢卞祵鍏ュ皫(d菐o)鍚戝鍏�(n猫i)鐨勯浕纾佺窔鍦堢敘(ch菐n)鐢熺殑纾佸牬(ch菐ng)鍔犱笂杌岄亾锛屼竴璧锋帹鍕�(d貌ng)鐏粖鍓嶉€�(j矛n)銆俆he magnetic field 鍜� the track 鏄彞瀛愪富瑾�锛宑reated by the electrified coils in the guideway walls 鏄亷鍘诲垎瑭炵煭瑾�锛岀敤浣滃畾瑾�锛屼慨椋総he magnetic field.

銆€銆€绶寸繏(x铆)锛�

銆€銆€1. Paragraph 3

銆€銆€2. Paragraph 4

銆€銆€3. Paragraph 5

銆€銆€A The Main Components of the Maglev Train System

銆€銆€B High-speed Maglev due to Zero Friction

銆€銆€C The Working Principle of the Maglev Train

銆€銆€D Differences between Polarity and Magnetic Field

銆€銆€E Comparison of Maglev Trains with Traditional Ones

銆€銆€F Maglev with a Powerful Motor

銆€銆€4. Paragraph 6

銆€銆€5. Several countries in the world are using strong electromagnets

銆€銆€6. You can connect a wire to the positive and negative ends of a battery .

銆€銆€7. A unique system of magnetic fields is created by the coils

銆€銆€8. The frictionless maglev train enables you

銆€銆€A to develop a maglev train rail system

銆€銆€B To explain why maglev trains are faster

銆€銆€C to pull and push the train forward

銆€銆€D to create a magnetic field

銆€銆€E to experiment with the maglev train

銆€銆€F to travel from Paris to Rome in about two hours

銆€銆€绛旀鑸囬瑙ｏ細

銆€銆€1. 绗笁娈典簡鑸変簡纾佹诞鍒楄粖鐨勪笁鍊�(g猫)绲勬垚閮ㄥ垎锛屽嫊(d貌ng)鍔涙簮銆侀噾灞窔鍦堝拰姝よ布銆傞伕闋�(xi脿ng)A 姒傛嫭浜嗙涓夋鍒楃殑鍏�(n猫i)瀹�銆�

銆€銆€2. E 绗洓娈靛氨纾佹诞鍒楄粖鍜屽偝绲�(t菕ng)鐏粖閫�(j矛n)琛屼簡姣旇純锛氱娴垪杌婃矑鏈夌櫦(f膩)鍕�(d貌ng)姗�(j墨)鑰屽偝绲�(t菕ng)鐏粖鏈夌櫦(f膩)鍕�(d貌ng)姗�(j墨)銆傞伕闋�(xi脿ng)C鐢╟omparsion 渚嗘鎷槸婧�(zh菙n)纰虹殑銆�

銆€銆€3. C 绗簲娈垫瘮杓冭┏绱�(x矛)鐨勪粙绱逛簡鐐轰粈涔堢娴垪杌婃渻(hu矛)鍚戝墠閬�(y霉n)鍕�(d貌ng)锛屼篃灏辨彮绀轰簡纾佹诞鍒楄粖鐨勫伐浣滃師鐞�銆�

銆€銆€4. B 鍦ㄧ浜旀瑙ｉ噵浜嗙娴垪杌婃诞璧峰拰鍚戝墠閬�(y霉n)鍕�(d貌ng)鐨勫師鐞嗕箣鍚�锛屼綔鑰呭湪绗叚娈典腑閫�(j矛n)琛屼簡纾佹诞鍒楄粖閫熷害濂囧揩鐨勫師鍥狅細鍘婚櫎浜嗗偝绲�(t菕ng)鐏粖鐨勮粖杓簬閻佃粚鐨勬懇鎿�銆�

銆€銆€5. A 閬窤 鐨勪緷鎿�(j霉)鏄湰鏂囩涓€娈电涓€鍙ワ細A few countries using powerful electromagnets to develop high-speed trains,called maglev trains.

銆€銆€6.D绗簩娈佃锛屾妸闆荤窔鑸囧共闆绘睜鐩搁€ｆ帴灏辫兘鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熶竴鍊�(g猫)灏忕鍫�(ch菐ng)锛岃€岀娴垪杌婄殑閬�(y霉n)鍕�(d貌ng)鍘熺悊鑸囨鐩稿悓銆傜浜屾绗洓鍙ユ槸閬告搰D鐨勪緷鎿�(j霉)銆�

銆€銆€7. C绗簲娈电殑绗簩鍙�锛屽嵆“0nce the train is levitated锛宲ower is supplied to the coils within the guideway walls to create a unique system of magnetic fields that pull and push the train along the guideway”锛屾槸閬告搰c鐨勪緷鎿�(j霉)銆�

銆€銆€8.F鏈枃鏈€鍚庝竴鍙ヨ垑鍑哄潗涓婃檪(sh铆)閫�500鍏噷鐨勭娴垪杌婂緸宸撮粠鍒扮緟棣彧闇€绱�2灏忔檪(sh铆)閫欏€�(g猫)渚嬪瓙渚嗚鏄庣娴垪杌婇€熷害涔嬪揩銆�

銆€銆€2016骞磋伔绋辫嫳瑾炶€冭│“缍滃悎椤�”闁辫畝鐞嗚В鑰冮粸(di菐n)瑭炲尟鍖附

銆€銆€2016鑱风ū鑻辫獮銆婅(w猫i)鐢熼銆嬭獮娉曡€冮粸(di菐n)鍖附

銆€銆€銆愬倷鑰冪稉(j墨ng)椹�(y脿n)銆�2016骞磋伔绋辫嫳瑾炶鍖鎲舵妧宸у尟绺�

銆€銆€2016骞磋伔绋辫嫳瑾炶€冭│?y谩n)鐮夈値鎰漮灏�(d菐o)璩囨枡鍖附

銆€銆€鐠�(hu谩n)鐞冪恫(w菐ng)鏍″弸鎯呮彁绀猴細濡傛灉鎮ㄥ湪姝ら亷绋嬩腑閬囧埌浠讳綍鐤戝晱锛岃珛(q菒ng)鐧婚寗鐠�(hu谩n)鐞冪恫(w菐ng)鏍�鑱风ū鑻辫獮闋婚亾鍙�璜栧锛屾垜鍊戦毃鏅�(sh铆)鑸囧唬澶ц€冪敓鏈嬪弸鍊戜竴璧蜂氦娴�!

銆€銆€銆愭憳瑕併€戠挵(hu谩n)鐞冪恫(w菐ng)鏍★細2016骞磋伔绋辫嫳瑾炶€冭│鍚勫湴鍗€(q奴)宸茬稉(j墨ng)闁嬪鍫�(b脿o)鍚嶏紝鐩墠鍌欒€�2016骞磋伔绋辫嫳瑾炶€冭│鐨勮€冪敓涔熷湪寰簭婕搁€�(j矛n)鐨勫京(f霉)缈�(x铆)涓�銆傚皪(du矛)姝わ紝鐠�(hu谩n)鐞冨皬绶ㄦ暣鐞嗕簡銆�2016骞磋伔绋辫嫳瑾炶€冭│<缍滃悎椤�>瑁�(b菙)鍏ㄧ煭鏂囬殠娈电反缈�(x铆)銆�锛屽笇鏈涘倷鑰�2016骞磋伔绋辫嫳瑾炶€冭│鐨勮€冪敓閮借兘闋嗗埄閫氶棞(gu膩n)銆�

銆€銆€鐩搁棞(gu膩n)鎺ㄨ枽锛�鑱风ū鑻辫獮缍滃悎椤炶(b菙)鍏ㄧ煭鏂囪€冭│妯℃摤椤屽尟绺�

銆€銆€Avalanche and Its Safety

銆€銆€An avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow,often mixed with air and water,down a mountainside.Avalanches are 1 the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property.

銆€銆€All avalanches are caused by an over=burden of material,typically snowpack,that is too massive and unstable for the slope 2 supports it.Determining the critical load,the amount of over-burden which is 3 to cause an avalanche,4 a complex task involving the evaluation of a number of factors.

銆€銆€Terrain slopes flatter than 25 degrees or steeper than 60 degrees typically have a low5 of avalanche.Snow does not6 significantly on steep slopes;also,snow does not7 easily on fiat slopes.Human-triggered avalanches have the greatest incidence when the snow's angle of rest 1is 8 35 and 45 degrees;the critical angle,the angle at which the human incidence of avalanches is greatest,is 38 degrees.The rule of thumb2 is:A slope that is 9 enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche,regardless of the angle.Additionally3,avalanche risk increases with 10 ;that is,the more a slope is disturbed by skiers,the more likely it is that an avalanche will occur.

銆€銆€Due to the complexity of the subject,winter travelling in the backcountry4 is never 100% safe.Good avalanche safety is a continuous 11 ,including route selection and examination to the snowpack,weather 12 ,and human factors.Several well-known good habits can also 13 the risk.If local authorities issue avalanche risk reports,they should be considered and all warnings should be paid 14 to.Never follow in the tracks of others without your own evaluations;snow conditions are almost certain to have changed since they were made.Observe the terrain and note obvious avalanche paths where plants are 15 or damaged.Avoid traveling below others who might trigger an avalanche.

銆€銆€瑭炲尟锛�

銆€銆€avalanche n.闆穿 trigger v.寮曡捣锛屾縺鐧�(f膩)

銆€銆€snowpack n.绌嶉洩鍫�(ch菐ng) incidence n.鐧�(f膩)鐢�(鐜�)

銆€銆€terrain n.鍦板舰锛屽湴鍕�(sh矛) ski v.婊戦洩

銆€銆€steep adj.闅�(xi菐n)宄荤殑锛岄櫋宄殑 complexity n.寰�(f霉)闆滄€�

銆€銆€娉ㄩ噵锛�

銆€銆€1.angle of rest锛氶€欓噷鎸囩⿳闆繚鎸侀潨姝㈢殑瑙掑害銆�

銆€銆€2.rule of.thumb锛氭寚“a broadly accurate principle锛宐ased on experience or practice rather that theory”锛屽嵆“閫氱敤娉曞墖锛岀稉(j墨ng)椹�(y脿n)娉曞墖”銆�

銆€銆€3.Additionally锛氭槸涓€鍊�(g猫)鍓锛岀敤渚嗗紩浜烘柊鐨勪簨瀵�(sh铆)鎴栬珫榛�(di菐n)锛屾剰鐐�“姝ゅ”銆�

銆€銆€4.backcountry锛氫汉鐓欑█灏戠殑鍦板崁(q奴)銆�

銆€銆€绶寸繏(x铆)锛�

銆€銆€1.A among B of C to D in

銆€銆€2.A when B that C who D whose

銆€銆€3.A mostly B likely C clearly D surely

銆€銆€4.A are B will be C is D was

銆€銆€5.A weight B form C risk D work

銆€銆€6.A fall B flow C roll D gather

銆€銆€7.A fall B flow C roll D gather

銆€銆€8.A among B between C with D for

銆€銆€9.A thick B thin C flat D rocky

銆€銆€10.A use B time C snow D rain

銆€銆€11.A journey B trip C fact D process

銆€銆€12.A conditions B reports C forecast D event

銆€銆€13.A increase B reduce C improve D remove

銆€銆€14.A price B effort C attention D money

銆€銆€15.A missing B grown C big D fresh

銆€銆€绛旀鑸囬瑙ｏ細

銆€銆€1.A琛ㄩ仈(d谩)“闆穿鏄北涓婂彲鑳界櫦(f膩)鐢熺殑鏈€澶у嵄闅�(xi菐n)涔嬩竴”鐨勬剰鎬濓紝鍥犳鎳�(y墨ng)瑭查伕鎿嘺mong(鍦�……涔嬩腑)銆�

銆€銆€2.B寰炶┎鍙ョ殑瑾炴硶绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)涓婁締鐪�锛屾铏曢渶瑕佷竴鍊�(g猫)闂�(gu膩n)绯讳唬瑭�锛屼唬鏇縮lope锛屾墍浠hat鏄渶浣抽伕鎿�銆傞伕闋�(xi脿ng)A銆丆銆丏鍧囦笉绗﹀悎瑾炴硶銆�

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